******************************************************************************* Revised: April 12, 2021 Venus 299 / 2 PHYSICAL DATA (updated 2020-Oct-19): Vol. Mean Radius (km) = 6051.84+-0.01 Density (g/cm^3) = 5.204 Mass x10^23 (kg) = 48.685 Volume (x10^10 km^3) = 92.843 Sidereal rot. period = 243.018484 d Sid. Rot. Rate (rad/s)= -0.00000029924 Mean solar day = 116.7490 d Equ. gravity m/s^2 = 8.870 Mom. of Inertia = 0.33 Core radius (km) = ~3200 Geometric Albedo = 0.65 Potential Love # k2 = ~0.25 GM (km^3/s^2) = 324858.592 Equatorial Radius, Re = 6051.893 km GM 1-sigma (km^3/s^2) = +-0.006 Mass ratio (Sun/Venus)= 408523.72 Atmos. pressure (bar) = 90 Max. angular diam. = 60.2" Mean Temperature (K) = 735 Visual mag. V(1,0) = -4.40 Obliquity to orbit = 177.3 deg Hill's sphere rad.,Rp = 167.1 Sidereal orb. per., y = 0.61519726 Orbit speed, km/s = 35.021 Sidereal orb. per., d = 224.70079922 Escape speed, km/s = 10.361 Perihelion Aphelion Mean Solar Constant (W/m^2) 2759 2614 2650 Maximum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 153 153 153 Minimum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 153 153 153 ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / WWW_USER Sat May 4 18:11:43 2024 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: Venus (299) {source: DE441} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE441} Center-site name: GEOCENTRIC ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2023-Aug-12 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2023-Aug-15 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 180 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : IAU_VENUS {East-longitude positive} Target radii : 6051.8, 6051.8, 6051.8 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Center geodetic : 0.0, 0.0, -6378.137 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Sun Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: DE441} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian EOP file : eop.240503.p240727 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2024-MAY-03. PREDICTS-> 2024-JUL-26 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation (-90.0deg=NO ),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (NO ) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 0.0,180.0=NO ),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) ******************************************************************************* Date__(UT)__HR:MN delta deldot *************************************************** $$SOE 2023-Aug-12 00:00 0.28910982058166 -0.8387420 2023-Aug-12 03:00 0.28905157995936 -0.7747043 2023-Aug-12 06:00 0.28899796302665 -0.7106526 2023-Aug-12 09:00 0.28894897068917 -0.6465896 2023-Aug-12 12:00 0.28890460363728 -0.5825186 2023-Aug-12 15:00 0.28886486234593 -0.5184424 2023-Aug-12 18:00 0.28882974707444 -0.4543640 2023-Aug-12 21:00 0.28879925786646 -0.3902864 2023-Aug-13 00:00 0.28877339454992 -0.3262127 2023-Aug-13 03:00 0.28875215673699 -0.2621457 2023-Aug-13 06:00 0.28873554382419 -0.1980885 2023-Aug-13 09:00 0.28872355499244 -0.1340441 2023-Aug-13 12:00 0.28871618920726 -0.0700155 2023-Aug-13 15:00 0.28871344521895 -0.0060055 2023-Aug-13 18:00 0.28871532156286 0.0579827 2023-Aug-13 21:00 0.28872181655964 0.1219462 2023-Aug-14 00:00 0.28873292831566 0.1858822 2023-Aug-14 03:00 0.28874865472337 0.2497875 2023-Aug-14 06:00 0.28876899346175 0.3136592 2023-Aug-14 09:00 0.28879394199684 0.3774945 2023-Aug-14 12:00 0.28882349758224 0.4412903 2023-Aug-14 15:00 0.28885765725972 0.5050437 2023-Aug-14 18:00 0.28889641785989 0.5687519 2023-Aug-14 21:00 0.28893977600284 0.6324118 2023-Aug-15 00:00 0.28898772809892 0.6960207 $$EOE ******************************************************************************* Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ******************************************************************************* !$$SOF COMMAND = '299' START_TIME = '2023-08-12' STOP_TIME = '2023-08-15' STEP_SIZE = '3 hour' QUANTITIES = '20'