******************************************************************************* Revised: April 12, 2021 Venus 299 / 2 PHYSICAL DATA (updated 2020-Oct-19): Vol. Mean Radius (km) = 6051.84+-0.01 Density (g/cm^3) = 5.204 Mass x10^23 (kg) = 48.685 Volume (x10^10 km^3) = 92.843 Sidereal rot. period = 243.018484 d Sid. Rot. Rate (rad/s)= -0.00000029924 Mean solar day = 116.7490 d Equ. gravity m/s^2 = 8.870 Mom. of Inertia = 0.33 Core radius (km) = ~3200 Geometric Albedo = 0.65 Potential Love # k2 = ~0.25 GM (km^3/s^2) = 324858.592 Equatorial Radius, Re = 6051.893 km GM 1-sigma (km^3/s^2) = +-0.006 Mass ratio (Sun/Venus)= 408523.72 Atmos. pressure (bar) = 90 Max. angular diam. = 60.2" Mean Temperature (K) = 735 Visual mag. V(1,0) = -4.40 Obliquity to orbit = 177.3 deg Hill's sphere rad.,Rp = 167.1 Sidereal orb. per., y = 0.61519726 Orbit speed, km/s = 35.021 Sidereal orb. per., d = 224.70079922 Escape speed, km/s = 10.361 Perihelion Aphelion Mean Solar Constant (W/m^2) 2759 2614 2650 Maximum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 153 153 153 Minimum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 153 153 153 ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / WWW_USER Wed May 1 13:03:11 2024 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: Venus (299) {source: DE441} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE441} Center-site name: GEOCENTRIC ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2022-Jan-08 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2022-Jan-09 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 60 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : IAU_VENUS {East-longitude positive} Target radii : 6051.8, 6051.8, 6051.8 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Center geodetic : 0.0, 0.0, -6378.137 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Sun Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: DE441} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian EOP file : eop.240430.p240724 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2024-APR-30. PREDICTS-> 2024-JUL-23 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation (-90.0deg=NO ),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (NO ) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 0.0,180.0=NO ),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) ******************************************************************************* Date__(UT)__HR:MN delta deldot *************************************************** $$SOE 2022-Jan-08 00:00 0.26581540271322 -0.1998564 2022-Jan-08 01:00 0.26581085134720 -0.1784055 2022-Jan-08 02:00 0.26580681622101 -0.1569519 2022-Jan-08 03:00 0.26580329739853 -0.1354958 2022-Jan-08 04:00 0.26580029494052 -0.1140371 2022-Jan-08 05:00 0.26579780890464 -0.0925762 2022-Jan-08 06:00 0.26579583934540 -0.0711130 2022-Jan-08 07:00 0.26579438631423 -0.0496477 2022-Jan-08 08:00 0.26579344985940 -0.0281805 2022-Jan-08 09:00 0.26579303002607 -0.0067115 2022-Jan-08 10:00 0.26579312685627 0.0147593 2022-Jan-08 11:00 0.26579374038888 0.0362315 2022-Jan-08 12:00 0.26579487065966 0.0577053 2022-Jan-08 13:00 0.26579651770121 0.0791803 2022-Jan-08 14:00 0.26579868154301 0.1006564 2022-Jan-08 15:00 0.26580136221138 0.1221337 2022-Jan-08 16:00 0.26580455972949 0.1436118 2022-Jan-08 17:00 0.26580827411736 0.1650907 2022-Jan-08 18:00 0.26581250539188 0.1865702 2022-Jan-08 19:00 0.26581725356676 0.2080503 2022-Jan-08 20:00 0.26582251865256 0.2295307 2022-Jan-08 21:00 0.26582830065669 0.2510114 2022-Jan-08 22:00 0.26583459958341 0.2724922 2022-Jan-08 23:00 0.26584141543378 0.2939730 2022-Jan-09 00:00 0.26584874820574 0.3154536 $$EOE ******************************************************************************* Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ******************************************************************************* !$$SOF COMMAND = '299' START_TIME = '2022-01-08' STOP_TIME = '2022-01-09' STEP_SIZE = '1 hour' QUANTITIES = '20'