******************************************************************************* Revised: April 12, 2021 Venus 299 / 2 PHYSICAL DATA (updated 2020-Oct-19): Vol. Mean Radius (km) = 6051.84+-0.01 Density (g/cm^3) = 5.204 Mass x10^23 (kg) = 48.685 Volume (x10^10 km^3) = 92.843 Sidereal rot. period = 243.018484 d Sid. Rot. Rate (rad/s)= -0.00000029924 Mean solar day = 116.7490 d Equ. gravity m/s^2 = 8.870 Mom. of Inertia = 0.33 Core radius (km) = ~3200 Geometric Albedo = 0.65 Potential Love # k2 = ~0.25 GM (km^3/s^2) = 324858.592 Equatorial Radius, Re = 6051.893 km GM 1-sigma (km^3/s^2) = +-0.006 Mass ratio (Sun/Venus)= 408523.72 Atmos. pressure (bar) = 90 Max. angular diam. = 60.2" Mean Temperature (K) = 735 Visual mag. V(1,0) = -4.40 Obliquity to orbit = 177.3 deg Hill's sphere rad.,Rp = 167.1 Sidereal orb. per., y = 0.61519726 Orbit speed, km/s = 35.021 Sidereal orb. per., d = 224.70079922 Escape speed, km/s = 10.361 Perihelion Aphelion Mean Solar Constant (W/m^2) 2759 2614 2650 Maximum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 153 153 153 Minimum Planetary IR (W/m^2) 153 153 153 ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / WWW_USER Sat Apr 27 05:50:31 2024 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: Venus Barycenter (299) {source: DE441} Center body name: Sun (10) {source: DE441} Center-site name: BODY CENTER ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2000-Jan-01 00:00:00.0000 TDB Stop time : A.D. 2000-Jan-02 00:00:00.0000 TDB Step-size : 200 calendar years ******************************************************************************* Center geodetic : 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center radii : 695700.0, 695700.0, 695700.0 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Keplerian GM : 2.9591293262935277E-04 au^3/d^2 Output units : AU-D, deg, Julian Day Number (Tp) Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian Output type : GEOMETRIC osculating elements Output format : 10 Reference frame : Ecliptic of J2000.0 ******************************************************************************* JDTDB EC QR IN OM W Tp N MA TA A AD PR ******************************************************************************* $$SOE 2451544.500000000 = A.D. 2000-Jan-01 00:00:00.0000 TDB EC= 6.755697268576816E-03 QR= 7.184402724529653E-01 IN= 3.394589632757466E+00 OM= 7.667837511094160E+01 W = 5.518541504725159E+01 Tp= 2451513.719921560958 N = 1.602148346918582E+00 MA= 4.931425178886323E+01 TA= 4.990452231912491E+01 A = 7.233268496756070E-01 AD= 7.282134268982486E-01 PR= 2.246982938205375E+02 $$EOE ******************************************************************************* TIME Barycentric Dynamical Time ("TDB" or T_eph) output was requested. This continuous coordinate time is equivalent to the relativistic proper time of a clock at rest in a reference frame co-moving with the solar system barycenter but outside the system's gravity well. It is the independent variable in the solar system relativistic equations of motion. TDB runs at a uniform rate of one SI second per second and is independent of irregularities in Earth's rotation. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. REFERENCE FRAME AND COORDINATES Ecliptic at the standard reference epoch Reference epoch: J2000.0 X-Y plane: adopted Earth orbital plane at the reference epoch Note: IAU76 obliquity of 84381.448 arcseconds wrt ICRF X-Y plane X-axis : ICRF Z-axis : perpendicular to the X-Y plane in the directional (+ or -) sense of Earth's north pole at the reference epoch. Symbol meaning [1 au= 149597870.700 km, 1 day= 86400.0 s]: JDTDB Julian Day Number, Barycentric Dynamical Time EC Eccentricity, e QR Periapsis distance, q (au) IN Inclination w.r.t X-Y plane, i (degrees) OM Longitude of Ascending Node, OMEGA, (degrees) W Argument of Perifocus, w (degrees) Tp Time of periapsis (Julian Day Number) N Mean motion, n (degrees/day) MA Mean anomaly, M (degrees) TA True anomaly, nu (degrees) A Semi-major axis, a (au) AD Apoapsis distance (au) PR Sidereal orbit period (day) ABERRATIONS AND CORRECTIONS Geometric osculating elements have NO corrections or aberrations applied. Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ******************************************************************************* !$$SOF COMMAND = '2' TABLE_TYPE = 'ELEMENTS' START_TIME = '2000-01-01' STOP_TIME = '2000-01-02' STEP_SIZE = '200 years' CENTER = '@Sun' OUT_UNITS = 'AU-D'