API VERSION: 1.2 API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API ******************************************************************************* Revised: Dec 06, 2024 TESS / (Earth) -95 https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html http://spaceflight101.com/tess/tess-orbit-design/ BACKGROUND: The NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission is to detect exoplanets transiting nearby bright stars, targets for followup characterization with large ground telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the future James Webb Space Telescope. Launched : 2018-Apr-18 22:51 UTC Launch vehicle : Falcon 9 Block 4 Launch site : SLC-40, Cape Canaveral Payload mass : 362 kg Ascent duration : 49 minutes, then TESS deployment A SpaceX Falcon 9 launched the 362-kilogram TESS spacecraft into a Suprasynchronous Transfer Orbit of 200 by 270,000 kilometers at an inclination of 28.5 degrees. The operational orbit chosen for TESS is a highly eccentric, 2:1 lunar resonance orbit of 108,400 by 376,300 kilometers at an inclination of 37 degrees, timed so that the spacecraft reaches apogee with the moon at a phasing of 90 degrees. 11 maneuvering engine burns, 3.5 phasing loops, and a lunar flyby will be used during the first 60 days to go from the inital transfer orbit to the operational orbit. TESS is designed to: - Monitor 200,000 nearby stars for planets - Detect and characterize Earth and Super-Earth size planets - Cover 400X larger sky area than Kepler - Span stellar spectral types of F5 to M5 Transiting exoplanets allow determination of the following: - Fundamental properties: mass, radius, orbit - Dynamics: planet-planet interactions, mutual inclinations, moons, tides - Atmospheric composition & structure: transmission spectrum, emission spectrum, MISSION OVERVIEW: All-sky, two year photometric exoplanet discovery mission. TESS will tile the sky with 26 observation sectors: - At least 27 days staring at each 24 deg. x 96 deg. sector - Brightest 100,000 stars at 1-minute cadence - Full frame images with 30-minute cadence - Map Northern hemisphere in first year - Map Southern hemisphere in second year - Sectors overlap at ecliptic poles for sensitivity to smaller and longer period planets in JWST Continuous Viewing Zone (CVZ) TESS observes from unique High Earth Orbit (HEO): - Unobstructed view for continuous observation - Two 13.7 day orbits per observation sector - Stable 2:1 resonance with Moon's orbit (P/2) - Thermally stable, low-radiation SPACECRAFT: Designed for photometric stability. Heritage Orbital LEOStar-2 spacecraft bus: - 3-axis stabilized pointing, with <= 3 arcsecong performance - Two-headed star tracker; 4 wheel zero-momentum system - 400W single-axis articulating solar array - Passive thermal control - Mono-propellant propulsion system - Ka-band 100 Mbps science downlink - Hexagonal 3.9 x 1.2 x 1.5 meter dimensions when fully deployed - Two 1.1 x 0.89 m solar panels SCIENCE INSTRUMENT: Four wide field-of-view CCD cameras. Each of the four cameras has: - 24 deg. x 24 deg. Field-of-View - 100 mm effective pupil diameter - Lens assembly with 7 optical elements - Athermal design - 600nm - 1000nm bandpass - 16.8 Megapixel, low-noise, low-power, MIT Lincoln Lab CCID-80 detector Trajectory: Post-launch trajectory (starts after launch ascent, L+00:49 min.). Concatenated short-term tag-up predictions, each covering ~3-4 days: Last tracking data used is 2024-Dec-01, predicts thereafter. Trajectory name Start (TDB) Stop (TDB) ------------------------------------ ----------------- ----------------- Concatenated trajectory files (615) 2018-Apr-18 23:37 2026-Jun-03 13:00 ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / API_USER Mon Dec 9 17:47:45 2024 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: TESS (spacecraft) (-95) {source: TESS_merged} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: TESS_merged} Center-site name: Swan Reach Imaging, Glenalta ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2024-Nov-30 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2024-Dec-01 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 10 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : undefined Target radii : undefined Center geodetic : 139.5701, -34.5440227, .056888 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 139.5701,5259.32258,-3596.34777 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Earth Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: TESS_merged} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian RTS-only print : NO EOP file : eop.241209.p250307 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2024-DEC-09. PREDICTS-> 2025-MAR-06 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation ( 0.0deg=YES),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (YES) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 12.0,180.0=YES),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC Azi____(a-app)___Elev APmag S-brt r rdot delta deldot S-O-T /r S-T-O T-O-M/MN_Illu% RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** $$SOE >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< 2024-Nov-30 09:50 C 02 22 47.66 -27 07 01.9 88.188353 55.750630 n.a. n.a. 0.987331629016 0.2824514 0.00206950524445 -0.4721496 122.7732 /T 57.1257 126.4/ 0.9409 n.a. n.a. 25.004815 28.001180 -37.04504 2024-Nov-30 10:00 C 02 22 56.28 -27 03 19.5 86.540382 57.759940 n.a. n.a. 0.987332759645 0.2813463 0.00206763167607 -0.4620016 122.8375 /T 57.0615 126.5/ 0.9256 n.a. n.a. 25.074883 26.895934 -36.39648 2024-Nov-30 10:10 N 02 23 04.60 -26 59 34.3 84.773128 59.765933 n.a. n.a. 0.987333885834 0.2802371 0.00206579960782 -0.4514598 122.9019 /T 56.9973 126.5/ 0.9102 n.a. n.a. 25.169991 25.835110 -35.68831 2024-Nov-30 10:20 N 02 23 12.65 -26 55 46.1 82.859375 61.766079 n.a. n.a. 0.987335007566 0.2791236 0.00206401057848 -0.4405446 122.9663 /T 56.9331 126.5/ 0.8947 n.a. n.a. 25.289007 24.823123 -34.92292 2024-Nov-30 10:30 N 02 23 20.43 -26 51 54.9 80.764189 63.757207 n.a. n.a. 0.987336124823 0.2780058 0.00206226604294 -0.4292774 123.0309 /T 56.8686 126.5/ 0.8793 n.a. n.a. 25.430712 23.863861 -34.10308 2024-Nov-30 10:40 N 02 23 27.98 -26 48 00.6 78.442066 65.735249 n.a. n.a. 0.987337237588 0.2768838 0.00206056736899 -0.4176804 123.0957 /T 56.8040 126.5/ 0.8638 n.a. n.a. 25.593820 22.960673 -33.23193 2024-Nov-30 10:50 A 02 23 35.30 -26 44 03.3 75.832830 67.694851 n.a. n.a. 0.987338345845 0.2757575 0.00205891583439 -0.4057762 123.1607 /T 56.7391 126.6/ 0.8484 n.a. n.a. 25.777002 22.116357 -32.31290 2024-Nov-30 11:00 A 02 23 42.42 -26 40 02.7 72.855696 69.628792 n.a. n.a. 0.987339449575 0.2746269 0.00205731262403 -0.3935884 123.2261 /T 56.6739 126.6/ 0.8329 n.a. n.a. 25.978907 21.333168 -31.34971 2024-Nov-30 11:10 A 02 23 49.35 -26 35 59.0 69.400667 71.527083 n.a. n.a. 0.987340548763 0.2734920 0.00205575882731 -0.3811411 123.2917 /T 56.6084 126.6/ 0.8175 n.a. n.a. 26.198173 20.612839 -30.34630 2024-Nov-30 11:20 A 02 23 56.12 -26 31 52.0 65.316311 73.375535 n.a. n.a. 0.987341643390 0.2723528 0.00205425543569 -0.3684590 123.3578 /T 56.5425 126.6/ 0.8020 n.a. n.a. 26.433453 19.956603 -29.30684 2024-Nov-30 11:30 02 24 02.75 -26 27 41.8 60.393335 75.153512 n.a. n.a. 0.987342733439 0.2712093 0.00205280334048 -0.3555674 123.4243 /T 56.4761 126.6/ 0.7867 n.a. n.a. 26.683425 19.365231 -28.23562 2024-Nov-30 11:40 02 24 09.25 -26 23 28.3 54.345977 76.830383 n.a. n.a. 0.987343818894 0.2700615 0.00205140333078 -0.3424919 123.4914 /T 56.4092 126.6/ 0.7713 n.a. n.a. 26.946807 18.839067 -27.13707 2024-Nov-30 11:50 02 24 15.65 -26 19 11.4 46.802350 78.360284 n.a. n.a. 0.987344899735 0.2689092 0.00205005609165 -0.3292588 123.5589 /T 56.3418 126.7/ 0.7561 n.a. n.a. 27.222367 18.378066 -26.01569 2024-Nov-30 12:00 02 24 21.97 -26 14 51.3 37.340044 79.675581 n.a. n.a. 0.987345975947 0.2677527 0.00204876220249 -0.3158944 123.6270 /T 56.2739 126.7/ 0.7409 n.a. n.a. 27.508935 17.981840 -24.87601 2024-Nov-30 12:10 02 24 28.22 -26 10 27.9 25.648116 80.682911 n.a. n.a. 0.987347047511 0.2665917 0.00204752213575 -0.3024258 123.6958 /T 56.2052 126.7/ 0.7258 n.a. n.a. 27.805406 17.649696 -23.72254 2024-Nov-30 12:20 02 24 34.44 -26 06 01.1 11.891788 81.273113 n.a. n.a. 0.987348114409 0.2654263 0.00204633625561 -0.2888799 123.7652 /T 56.1359 126.7/ 0.7108 n.a. n.a. 28.110749 17.380673 -22.55979 2024-Nov-30 12:30 t 02 24 40.64 -26 01 31.1 357.079403 81.358730 n.a. n.a. 0.987349176625 0.2642565 0.00204520481717 -0.2752840 123.8354 /T 56.0659 126.7/ 0.6959 n.a. n.a. 28.424010 17.173580 -21.39214 2024-Nov-30 12:40 02 24 46.84 -25 56 57.7 342.812820 80.924295 n.a. n.a. 0.987350234140 0.2630823 0.00204412796576 -0.2616657 123.9063 /T 55.9952 126.8/ 0.6812 n.a. n.a. 28.744314 17.027031 -20.22391 2024-Nov-30 12:50 02 24 53.06 -25 52 21.1 330.373847 80.036807 n.a. n.a. 0.987351286937 0.2619036 0.00204310573637 -0.2480524 123.9779 /T 55.9236 126.8/ 0.6665 n.a. n.a. 29.070863 16.939474 -19.05927 2024-Nov-30 13:00 02 24 59.33 -25 47 41.3 320.186639 78.803007 n.a. n.a. 0.987352334997 0.2607205 0.00204213805354 -0.2344717 124.0505 /T 55.8512 126.8/ 0.6520 n.a. n.a. 29.402942 16.909217 -17.90221 2024-Nov-30 13:10 02 25 05.67 -25 42 58.3 312.050486 77.323400 n.a. n.a. 0.987353378303 0.2595329 0.00204122473134 -0.2209511 124.1239 /T 55.7779 126.8/ 0.6376 n.a. n.a. 29.739913 16.934455 -16.75657 2024-Nov-30 13:20 02 25 12.10 -25 38 12.1 305.552960 75.673941 n.a. n.a. 0.987354416837 0.2583408 0.00204036547360 -0.2075181 124.1982 /T 55.7038 126.8/ 0.6234 n.a. n.a. 30.081213 17.013290 -15.62598 2024-Nov-30 13:30 02 25 18.63 -25 33 22.7 300.297089 73.906934 n.a. n.a. 0.987355450581 0.2571443 0.00203955987443 -0.1941998 124.2735 /T 55.6286 126.8/ 0.6094 n.a. n.a. 30.426350 17.143749 -14.51384 2024-Nov-30 13:40 02 25 25.29 -25 28 30.3 295.968097 72.057366 n.a. n.a. 0.987356479516 0.2559432 0.00203880741894 -0.1810235 124.3497 /T 55.5525 126.9/ 0.5955 n.a. n.a. 30.774905 17.323797 -13.42336 2024-Nov-30 13:50 02 25 32.11 -25 23 34.9 292.332995 70.148701 n.a. n.a. 0.987357503625 0.2547375 0.00203810748424 -0.1680158 124.4269 /T 55.4754 126.9/ 0.5819 n.a. n.a. 31.126518 17.551357 -12.35747 2024-Nov-30 14:00 02 25 39.09 -25 18 36.5 289.222931 68.196942 n.a. n.a. 0.987358522890 0.2535274 0.00203745934057 -0.1552033 124.5052 /T 55.3972 126.9/ 0.5684 n.a. n.a. 31.480892 17.824316 -11.31891 2024-Nov-30 14:10 02 25 46.26 -25 13 35.2 286.515550 66.213260 n.a. n.a. 0.987359537291 0.2523126 0.00203686215280 -0.1426119 124.5846 /T 55.3180 126.9/ 0.5551 n.a. n.a. 31.837784 18.140535 -10.31016 2024-Nov-30 14:20 02 25 53.64 -25 08 31.1 284.121372 64.205645 n.a. n.a. 0.987360546811 0.2510933 0.00203631498205 -0.1302675 124.6650 /T 55.2377 126.9/ 0.5420 n.a. n.a. 32.196997 18.497861 -9.333443 2024-Nov-30 14:30 02 26 01.24 -25 03 24.3 281.974073 62.179964 n.a. n.a. 0.987361551432 0.2498694 0.00203581678753 -0.1181950 124.7466 /T 55.1563 127.0/ 0.5292 n.a. n.a. 32.558380 18.894131 -8.390780 2024-Nov-30 14:40 02 26 09.09 -24 58 14.7 280.023758 60.140625 n.a. n.a. 0.987362551134 0.2486409 0.00203536642868 -0.1064192 124.8293 /T 55.0737 127.0/ 0.5165 n.a. n.a. 32.921817 19.327178 -7.483943 2024-Nov-30 14:50 02 26 17.21 -24 53 02.6 278.232315 58.091026 n.a. n.a. 0.987363545900 0.2474077 0.00203496266749 -0.0949640 124.9131 /T 54.9899 127.0/ 0.5041 n.a. n.a. 33.287226 19.794839 -6.614481 2024-Nov-30 15:00 02 26 25.60 -24 47 48.0 276.570200 56.033844 n.a. n.a. 0.987364535711 0.2461699 0.00203460417091 -0.0838527 124.9982 /T 54.9050 127.0/ 0.4919 n.a. n.a. 33.654546 20.294959 -5.783729 2024-Nov-30 15:10 02 26 34.29 -24 42 31.0 275.014182 53.971237 n.a. n.a. 0.987365520548 0.2449275 0.00203428951357 -0.0731081 125.0844 /T 54.8189 127.0/ 0.4800 n.a. n.a. 34.023740 20.825395 -4.992815 2024-Nov-30 15:20 02 26 43.29 -24 37 11.7 273.545741 51.904980 n.a. n.a. 0.987366500392 0.2436804 0.00203401718074 -0.0627520 125.1718 /T 54.7316 127.1/ 0.4683 n.a. n.a. 34.394782 21.384019 -4.242671 2024-Nov-30 15:30 02 26 52.61 -24 31 50.1 272.149923 49.836567 n.a. n.a. 0.987367475225 0.2424286 0.00203378557132 -0.0528056 125.2605 /T 54.6430 127.1/ 0.4569 n.a. n.a. 34.767656 21.968724 -3.534040 2024-Nov-30 15:40 02 27 02.28 -24 26 26.4 270.814504 47.767278 n.a. n.a. 0.987368445028 0.2411721 0.00203359300102 -0.0432892 125.3504 /T 54.5533 127.1/ 0.4457 n.a. n.a. 35.142348 22.577430 -2.867490 2024-Nov-30 15:50 02 27 12.31 -24 21 00.8 269.529367 45.698234 n.a. n.a. 0.987369409782 0.2399109 0.00203343770588 -0.0342222 125.4415 /T 54.4622 127.1/ 0.4347 n.a. n.a. 35.518842 23.208082 -2.243427 2024-Nov-30 16:00 02 27 22.70 -24 15 33.2 268.286047 43.630433 n.a. n.a. 0.987370369468 0.2386449 0.00203331784570 -0.0256232 125.5339 /T 54.3700 127.2/ 0.4240 n.a. n.a. 35.897116 23.858659 -1.662101 2024-Nov-30 16:10 02 27 33.47 -24 10 03.8 267.077377 41.564782 n.a. n.a. 0.987371324067 0.2373742 0.00203323150782 -0.0175098 125.6275 /T 54.2765 127.2/ 0.4136 n.a. n.a. 36.277136 24.527175 -1.123621 2024-Nov-30 16:20 02 27 44.64 -24 04 32.7 265.897224 39.502115 n.a. n.a. 0.987372273560 0.2360987 0.00203317671081 -0.0098987 125.7224 /T 54.1817 127.2/ 0.4035 n.a. n.a. 36.658853 25.211683 -0.627965 2024-Nov-30 16:30 02 27 56.20 -23 59 00.0 264.740282 37.443217 n.a. n.a. 0.987373217927 0.2348184 0.00203315140857 -0.0028054 125.8185 /T 54.0857 127.2/ 0.3936 n.a. n.a. 37.042199 25.910280 -0.174989 2024-Nov-30 16:40 02 28 08.19 -23 53 25.8 263.601910 35.388831 n.a. n.a. 0.987374157150 0.2335334 0.00203315349427 0.0037554 125.9159 /T 53.9884 127.3/ 0.3840 n.a. n.a. 37.427086 26.621108 0.2355587 2024-Nov-30 16:50 02 28 20.59 -23 47 50.3 262.478006 33.339677 n.a. n.a. 0.987375091210 0.2322435 0.00203318080451 0.0097702 126.0145 /T 53.8899 127.3/ 0.3746 n.a. n.a. 37.813397 27.342361 0.6040327 2024-Nov-30 17:00 02 28 33.42 -23 42 13.6 261.364903 31.296453 n.a. n.a. 0.987376020086 0.2309487 0.00203323112365 0.0152264 126.1144 /T 53.7902 127.3/ 0.3655 n.a. n.a. 38.200990 28.072282 0.9308771 2024-Nov-30 17:10 02 28 46.69 -23 36 35.7 260.259288 29.259851 n.a. n.a. 0.987376943760 0.2296492 0.00203330218803 0.0201126 126.2155 /T 53.6892 127.4/ 0.3567 n.a. n.a. 38.589695 28.809173 1.2166180 2024-Nov-30 17:20 02 29 00.41 -23 30 56.8 259.158136 27.230559 n.a. n.a. 0.987377862211 0.2283447 0.00203339169044 0.0244185 126.3178 /T 53.5870 127.4/ 0.3482 n.a. n.a. 38.979309 29.551392 1.4618546 2024-Nov-30 17:30 02 29 14.58 -23 25 17.0 258.058658 25.209269 n.a. n.a. 0.987378775421 0.2270354 0.00203349728456 0.0281350 126.4214 /T 53.4836 127.4/ 0.3399 n.a. n.a. 39.369597 30.297360 1.6672510 2024-Nov-30 17:40 A 02 29 29.20 -23 19 36.4 256.958250 23.196683 n.a. n.a. 0.987379683370 0.2257212 0.00203361658948 0.0312539 126.5261 /T 53.3790 127.5/ 0.3319 n.a. n.a. 39.760294 31.045559 1.8335283 2024-Nov-30 17:50 A 02 29 44.28 -23 13 55.1 255.854460 21.193515 n.a. n.a. 0.987380586038 0.2244020 0.00203374719417 0.0337684 126.6320 /T 53.2732 127.5/ 0.3241 n.a. n.a. 40.151101 31.794536 1.9614575 2024-Nov-30 18:00 A 02 29 59.82 -23 08 13.2 254.744955 19.200500 n.a. n.a. 0.987381483405 0.2230779 0.00203388666219 0.0356726 126.7391 /T 53.1662 127.5/ 0.3167 n.a. n.a. 40.541684 32.542903 2.0518526 2024-Nov-30 18:10 A 02 30 15.82 -23 02 30.9 253.627494 17.218398 n.a. n.a. 0.987382375452 0.2217489 0.00203403253617 0.0369619 126.8473 /T 53.0581 127.6/ 0.3094 n.a. n.a. 40.931680 33.289339 2.1055642 2024-Nov-30 18:20 N 02 30 32.29 -22 56 48.3 252.499907 15.247994 n.a. n.a. 0.987383262158 0.2204149 0.00203418234247 0.0376329 126.9566 /T 52.9489 127.6/ 0.3025 n.a. n.a. 41.320694 34.032591 2.1234737 2024-Nov-30 18:30 N 02 30 49.23 -22 51 05.4 251.360070 13.290110 n.a. n.a. 0.987384143504 0.2190759 0.00203433359577 0.0376831 127.0671 /T 52.8386 127.7/ 0.2958 n.a. n.a. 41.708299 34.771473 2.1064873 2024-Nov-30 18:40 N 02 31 06.63 -22 45 22.4 250.205893 11.345605 n.a. n.a. 0.987385019469 0.2177319 0.00203448380369 0.0371115 127.1786 /T 52.7272 127.7/ 0.2894 n.a. n.a. 42.094043 35.504866 2.0555313 2024-Nov-30 18:50 Nm 02 31 24.50 -22 39 39.3 249.035303 9.415379 n.a. n.a. 0.987385890034 0.2163828 0.00203463047131 0.0359179 127.2912 /T 52.6148 127.8/ 0.2832 n.a. n.a. 42.477442 36.231717 1.9715473 2024-Nov-30 19:00 Cm 02 31 42.83 -22 33 56.4 247.846231 7.500381 n.a. n.a. 0.987386755178 0.2150287 0.00203477110579 0.0341035 127.4047 /T 52.5013 127.8/ 0.2772 n.a. n.a. 42.857990 36.951041 1.8554876 2024-Nov-30 19:10 Cm 02 32 01.62 -22 28 13.6 246.636601 5.601613 n.a. n.a. 0.987387614881 0.2136696 0.00203490322087 0.0316704 127.5193 /T 52.3869 127.8/ 0.2715 n.a. n.a. 43.235158 37.661914 1.7083114 2024-Nov-30 19:20 Cm 02 32 20.87 -22 22 31.0 245.404320 3.720136 n.a. n.a. 0.987388469123 0.2123054 0.00203502434133 0.0286219 127.6349 /T 52.2715 127.9/ 0.2661 n.a. n.a. 43.608395 38.363477 1.5309810 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< $$EOE *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. SOLAR PRESENCE (OBSERVING SITE) Time tag is followed by a blank, then a solar-presence condition code: '*' Daylight (refracted solar upper-limb on or above apparent horizon) 'C' Civil twilight/dawn 'N' Nautical twilight/dawn 'A' Astronomical twilight/dawn ' ' Night OR geocentric ephemeris LUNAR PRESENCE WITH TARGET RISE/TRANSIT/SET EVENT MARKER (OBSERVING SITE) The solar-presence code column is immediately followed by another marker: 'm' Refracted upper-limb of Moon on or above apparent horizon ' ' Refracted upper-limb of Moon below apparent horizon OR geocentric The lunar presence marker (an ongoing state) can be over-ridden by a target event marker if an event has occurred since the last output step: 'r' Rise (target body on or went above cut-off RTS elevation) 'e' Elevation max (target body maximum elevation angle has occurred) 't' Transit (target body at or passed through observer meridian) 's' Set (target body on or went below cut-off RTS elevation) RTS MARKERS (TVH) Rise and set are with respect to the reference ellipsoid true visual horizon defined by the elevation cut-off angle. Horizon dip and yellow-light refraction (Earth only) are considered. Accuracy is < or = to twice the requested search step-size. 'R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC' = Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay aberration. Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff} DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff} 'Azi____(a-app)___Elev' = Airless apparent azimuth and elevation of target center. Compensated for light-time, the gravitational deflection of light, stellar aberration, precession and nutation. Azimuth is measured clockwise from north: North(0) -> East(90) -> South(180) -> West(270) -> North (360) Elevation angle is with respect to a plane perpendicular to the reference surface local zenith direction. TOPOCENTRIC ONLY. Units: DEGREES 'APmag S-brt' = The targets' approximate apparent visual magnitude and surface brightness. For planets and natural satellites, output is restricted to solar phase angles covered by observational data. Outside the observed phase angle range, "n.a." may be output to avoid extrapolation beyond the limit of model validity. For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity. Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is computed only if the target radius is known. Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND 'r rdot' = The Sun's apparent range ("r", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("rdot") relative to the target center, as seen by the observer. A positive "rdot" means the target center was moving away from the Sun, negative means moving toward the Sun. Units: AU and KM/S 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S 'S-O-T /r' = Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers' location at print-time. The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below: Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that body rotational sense is considered: /T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun) /L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun) Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion: * If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer. * If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun. Two other codes can be output: /* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined) /? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail) The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system. Units: DEGREES 'S-T-O' = The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES 'T-O-M/MN_Illu%' = Target-Observer-Moon LUNAR ELONGATION angle and illuminated percentage. The apparent lunar elongation angle between target body center and Moon center, seen from the observing site, along with fraction of the lunar disk illuminated by the Sun. A negative lunar elongation angle indicates the target center is behind the Moon. Units: DEGREES & PERCENT 'RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma' = Uncertainty in Right-Ascension and Declination. Output values are the formal +/- 3 standard-deviations (sigmas) around nominal position. Units: ARCSECONDS 'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' = Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA" is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky, measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction. "RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the observer: -90 = target is moving directly toward the observer 0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight +90 = target is moving directly away from the observer UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************