API VERSION: 1.2 API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API ******************************************************************************* Revised: Dec 06, 2024 TESS / (Earth) -95 https://tess.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html http://spaceflight101.com/tess/tess-orbit-design/ BACKGROUND: The NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission is to detect exoplanets transiting nearby bright stars, targets for followup characterization with large ground telescopes such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the future James Webb Space Telescope. Launched : 2018-Apr-18 22:51 UTC Launch vehicle : Falcon 9 Block 4 Launch site : SLC-40, Cape Canaveral Payload mass : 362 kg Ascent duration : 49 minutes, then TESS deployment A SpaceX Falcon 9 launched the 362-kilogram TESS spacecraft into a Suprasynchronous Transfer Orbit of 200 by 270,000 kilometers at an inclination of 28.5 degrees. The operational orbit chosen for TESS is a highly eccentric, 2:1 lunar resonance orbit of 108,400 by 376,300 kilometers at an inclination of 37 degrees, timed so that the spacecraft reaches apogee with the moon at a phasing of 90 degrees. 11 maneuvering engine burns, 3.5 phasing loops, and a lunar flyby will be used during the first 60 days to go from the inital transfer orbit to the operational orbit. TESS is designed to: - Monitor 200,000 nearby stars for planets - Detect and characterize Earth and Super-Earth size planets - Cover 400X larger sky area than Kepler - Span stellar spectral types of F5 to M5 Transiting exoplanets allow determination of the following: - Fundamental properties: mass, radius, orbit - Dynamics: planet-planet interactions, mutual inclinations, moons, tides - Atmospheric composition & structure: transmission spectrum, emission spectrum, MISSION OVERVIEW: All-sky, two year photometric exoplanet discovery mission. TESS will tile the sky with 26 observation sectors: - At least 27 days staring at each 24 deg. x 96 deg. sector - Brightest 100,000 stars at 1-minute cadence - Full frame images with 30-minute cadence - Map Northern hemisphere in first year - Map Southern hemisphere in second year - Sectors overlap at ecliptic poles for sensitivity to smaller and longer period planets in JWST Continuous Viewing Zone (CVZ) TESS observes from unique High Earth Orbit (HEO): - Unobstructed view for continuous observation - Two 13.7 day orbits per observation sector - Stable 2:1 resonance with Moon's orbit (P/2) - Thermally stable, low-radiation SPACECRAFT: Designed for photometric stability. Heritage Orbital LEOStar-2 spacecraft bus: - 3-axis stabilized pointing, with <= 3 arcsecong performance - Two-headed star tracker; 4 wheel zero-momentum system - 400W single-axis articulating solar array - Passive thermal control - Mono-propellant propulsion system - Ka-band 100 Mbps science downlink - Hexagonal 3.9 x 1.2 x 1.5 meter dimensions when fully deployed - Two 1.1 x 0.89 m solar panels SCIENCE INSTRUMENT: Four wide field-of-view CCD cameras. Each of the four cameras has: - 24 deg. x 24 deg. Field-of-View - 100 mm effective pupil diameter - Lens assembly with 7 optical elements - Athermal design - 600nm - 1000nm bandpass - 16.8 Megapixel, low-noise, low-power, MIT Lincoln Lab CCID-80 detector Trajectory: Post-launch trajectory (starts after launch ascent, L+00:49 min.). Concatenated short-term tag-up predictions, each covering ~3-4 days: Last tracking data used is 2024-Dec-01, predicts thereafter. Trajectory name Start (TDB) Stop (TDB) ------------------------------------ ----------------- ----------------- Concatenated trajectory files (615) 2018-Apr-18 23:37 2026-Jun-03 13:00 ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / API_USER Thu Dec 12 04:10:04 2024 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: TESS (spacecraft) (-95) {source: TESS_merged} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: TESS_merged} Center-site name: VdS Remote Observatory, Hakos ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2024-Nov-30 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2024-Dec-01 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 10 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : undefined Target radii : undefined Center geodetic : 16.3613, -23.2365766, 1.8515 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 16.3613,5865.52307,-2501.54567 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Earth Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: TESS_merged} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian RTS-only print : NO EOP file : eop.241211.p250309 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2024-DEC-11. PREDICTS-> 2025-MAR-08 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation ( 0.0deg=YES),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (YES) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 12.0,180.0=YES),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC Azi____(a-app)___Elev APmag S-brt r rdot delta deldot S-O-T /r S-T-O T-O-M/MN_Illu% RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** $$SOE 2024-Nov-30 00:00 01 58 42.43 -31 20 58.4 247.931363 40.289889 n.a. n.a. 0.987257643820 0.3406280 0.00213351351732 0.0826101 116.5334 /T 63.3557 123.2/ 1.5713 n.a. n.a. 33.888573 24.387611 5.4003695 2024-Nov-30 00:10 01 58 53.54 -31 15 48.5 247.767318 38.187122 n.a. n.a. 0.987259008236 0.3397505 0.00213386086122 0.0904964 116.6206 /T 63.2686 123.2/ 1.5488 n.a. n.a. 34.318578 25.145639 5.8379160 2024-Nov-30 00:20 01 59 05.11 -31 10 36.7 247.555374 36.086989 n.a. n.a. 0.987260369125 0.3388695 0.00213423875668 0.0978413 116.7093 /T 63.1800 123.2/ 1.5266 n.a. n.a. 34.747841 25.917661 6.2296697 2024-Nov-30 00:30 01 59 17.15 -31 05 23.1 247.299012 33.990269 n.a. n.a. 0.987261726473 0.3379849 0.00213464500148 0.1046297 116.7994 /T 63.0900 123.3/ 1.5048 n.a. n.a. 35.176236 26.701732 6.5765477 2024-Nov-30 00:40 01 59 29.66 -31 00 07.9 247.001075 31.897706 n.a. n.a. 0.987263080267 0.3370968 0.00213507733479 0.1108475 116.8909 /T 62.9985 123.3/ 1.4834 n.a. n.a. 35.603616 27.495983 6.8795009 2024-Nov-30 00:50 01 59 42.66 -30 54 51.1 246.663862 29.810015 n.a. n.a. 0.987264430491 0.3362050 0.00213553344146 0.1164817 116.9838 /T 62.9056 123.3/ 1.4623 n.a. n.a. 36.029808 28.298619 7.1395069 2024-Nov-30 01:00 01 59 56.14 -30 49 33.0 246.289214 27.727898 n.a. n.a. 0.987265777131 0.3353097 0.00213601095658 0.1215205 117.0782 /T 62.8114 123.3/ 1.4416 n.a. n.a. 36.454612 29.107924 7.3575641 2024-Nov-30 01:10 02 00 10.13 -30 44 13.7 245.878578 25.652049 n.a. n.a. 0.987267120173 0.3344108 0.00213650746998 0.1259531 117.1739 /T 62.7157 123.4/ 1.4213 n.a. n.a. 36.877803 29.922254 7.5346862 2024-Nov-30 01:20 02 00 24.62 -30 38 53.3 245.433058 23.583159 n.a. n.a. 0.987268459603 0.3335083 0.00213702053093 0.1297701 117.2711 /T 62.6186 123.4/ 1.4014 n.a. n.a. 37.299125 30.740044 7.6718975 2024-Nov-30 01:30 02 00 39.61 -30 33 32.1 244.953454 21.521927 n.a. n.a. 0.987269795406 0.3326022 0.00213754765268 0.1329629 117.3695 /T 62.5202 123.4/ 1.3819 n.a. n.a. 37.718293 31.559802 7.7702290 2024-Nov-30 01:40 02 00 55.12 -30 28 10.1 244.440300 19.469064 n.a. n.a. 0.987271127567 0.3316925 0.00213808631733 0.1355246 117.4693 /T 62.4205 123.5/ 1.3628 n.a. n.a. 38.134995 32.380115 7.8307148 2024-Nov-30 01:50 02 01 11.14 -30 22 47.5 243.893891 17.425294 n.a. n.a. 0.987272456073 0.3307791 0.00213863398043 0.1374489 117.5704 /T 62.3195 123.5/ 1.3441 n.a. n.a. 38.548886 33.199640 7.8543886 2024-Nov-30 02:00 02 01 27.68 -30 17 24.4 243.314298 15.391369 n.a. n.a. 0.987273780907 0.3298621 0.00213918807584 0.1387312 117.6728 /T 62.2172 123.5/ 1.3258 n.a. n.a. 38.959596 34.017111 7.8422809 2024-Nov-30 02:10 02 01 44.73 -30 12 01.1 242.701395 13.368064 n.a. n.a. 0.987275102057 0.3289414 0.00213974602048 0.1393678 117.7764 /T 62.1136 123.6/ 1.3079 n.a. n.a. 39.366724 34.831336 7.7954166 2024-Nov-30 02:20 02 02 02.30 -30 06 37.6 242.054864 11.356190 n.a. n.a. 0.987276419506 0.3280171 0.00214030521906 0.1393562 117.8813 /T 62.0089 123.6/ 1.2904 n.a. n.a. 39.769844 35.641192 7.7148127 2024-Nov-30 02:30 02 02 20.38 -30 01 14.1 241.374210 9.356596 n.a. n.a. 0.987277733241 0.3270891 0.00214086306899 0.1386952 117.9873 /T 61.9029 123.6/ 1.2733 n.a. n.a. 40.168503 36.445627 7.6014761 2024-Nov-30 02:40 A 02 02 38.98 -29 55 50.8 240.658772 7.370175 n.a. n.a. 0.987279043247 0.3261574 0.00214141696493 0.1373847 118.0944 /T 61.7958 123.7/ 1.2566 n.a. n.a. 40.562226 37.243660 7.4564020 2024-Nov-30 02:50 A 02 02 58.08 -29 50 27.7 239.907722 5.397868 n.a. n.a. 0.987280349508 0.3252220 0.00214196430369 0.1354259 118.2027 /T 61.6877 123.7/ 1.2404 n.a. n.a. 40.950515 38.034374 7.2805721 2024-Nov-30 03:00 Am 02 03 17.69 -29 45 05.0 239.120078 3.440675 n.a. n.a. 0.987281652010 0.3242829 0.00214250248887 0.1328210 118.3120 /T 61.5784 123.7/ 1.2245 n.a. n.a. 41.332849 38.816917 7.0749534 2024-Nov-30 03:10 Nm 02 03 37.80 -29 39 42.9 238.294703 1.499655 n.a. n.a. 0.987282950739 0.3233401 0.00214302893545 0.1295734 118.4224 /T 61.4681 123.8/ 1.2090 n.a. n.a. 41.708693 39.590501 6.8404968 2024-Nov-30 03:20 Nm 02 03 58.41 -29 34 21.5 237.430308 -0.424061 n.a. n.a. 0.987284245678 0.3223936 0.00214354107448 0.1256877 118.5337 /T 61.3569 123.8/ 1.1940 n.a. n.a. 42.077493 40.354396 6.5781361 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< 2024-Nov-30 17:40 C 02 37 14.65 -23 43 04.2 100.527054 46.032621 n.a. n.a. 0.987379683380 0.2257212 0.00201985263510 -0.5905404 127.1905 /T 52.7160 128.3/ 0.4853 n.a. n.a. 26.420108 28.235379 -42.47225 2024-Nov-30 17:50 C 02 37 23.52 -23 39 09.9 99.891766 48.255544 n.a. n.a. 0.987380586050 0.2244020 0.00201750387735 -0.5805363 127.2589 /T 52.6477 128.3/ 0.4752 n.a. n.a. 26.409683 26.935911 -42.02951 2024-Nov-30 18:00 N 02 37 32.01 -23 35 12.9 99.257038 50.484705 n.a. n.a. 0.987381483419 0.2230779 0.00201519631796 -0.5700008 127.3272 /T 52.5796 128.3/ 0.4650 n.a. n.a. 26.429657 25.669020 -41.51926 2024-Nov-30 18:10 N 02 37 40.13 -23 31 13.1 98.620774 52.719766 n.a. n.a. 0.987382375467 0.2217489 0.00201293204855 -0.5589540 127.3954 /T 52.5116 128.4/ 0.4548 n.a. n.a. 26.479045 24.440961 -40.94240 2024-Nov-30 18:20 N 02 37 47.89 -23 27 10.4 97.980506 54.960396 n.a. n.a. 0.987383262175 0.2204148 0.00201071307829 -0.5474168 127.4635 /T 52.4437 128.4/ 0.4446 n.a. n.a. 26.556693 23.257546 -40.30024 2024-Nov-30 18:30 A 02 37 55.32 -23 23 04.8 97.333252 57.206269 n.a. n.a. 0.987384143523 0.2190758 0.00200854132951 -0.5354116 127.5317 /T 52.3758 128.4/ 0.4344 n.a. n.a. 26.661301 22.124079 -39.59448 2024-Nov-30 18:40 A 02 38 02.43 -23 18 56.1 96.675317 59.457061 n.a. n.a. 0.987385019489 0.2177318 0.00200641863360 -0.5229614 127.5998 /T 52.3078 128.4/ 0.4242 n.a. n.a. 26.791449 21.045301 -38.82723 2024-Nov-30 18:50 A 02 38 09.24 -23 14 44.4 96.001996 61.712443 n.a. n.a. 0.987385890056 0.2163828 0.00200434672702 -0.5100905 127.6681 /T 52.2397 128.5/ 0.4141 n.a. n.a. 26.945623 20.025352 -38.00094 2024-Nov-30 19:00 02 38 15.76 -23 10 29.5 95.307123 63.972085 n.a. n.a. 0.987386755201 0.2150287 0.00200232724745 -0.4968239 127.7365 /T 52.1714 128.5/ 0.4040 n.a. n.a. 27.122244 19.067758 -37.11839 2024-Nov-30 19:10 02 38 22.03 -23 06 11.4 94.582359 66.235639 n.a. n.a. 0.987387614905 0.2136696 0.00200036173016 -0.4831876 127.8052 /T 52.1030 128.5/ 0.3940 n.a. n.a. 27.319689 18.175427 -36.18271 2024-Nov-30 19:20 02 38 28.06 -23 01 50.1 93.816034 68.502734 n.a. n.a. 0.987388469148 0.2123053 0.00199845160463 -0.4692083 127.8741 /T 52.0342 128.5/ 0.3840 n.a. n.a. 27.536324 17.350669 -35.19727 2024-Nov-30 19:30 02 38 33.88 -22 57 25.4 92.991156 70.772954 n.a. n.a. 0.987389317910 0.2109360 0.00199659819125 -0.4549137 127.9433 /T 51.9652 128.5/ 0.3741 n.a. n.a. 27.770519 16.595221 -34.16572 2024-Nov-30 19:40 02 38 39.49 -22 52 57.5 92.081836 73.045809 n.a. n.a. 0.987390161168 0.2095616 0.00199480269839 -0.4403320 128.0129 /T 51.8958 128.6/ 0.3643 n.a. n.a. 28.020674 15.910279 -33.09191 2024-Nov-30 19:50 02 38 44.94 -22 48 26.2 91.046365 75.320666 n.a. n.a. 0.987390998904 0.2081820 0.00199306621961 -0.4254923 128.0828 /T 51.8260 128.6/ 0.3546 n.a. n.a. 28.285235 15.296544 -31.97988 2024-Nov-30 20:00 02 38 50.23 -22 43 51.6 89.812696 77.596621 n.a. n.a. 0.987391831097 0.2067973 0.00199138973105 -0.4104239 128.1533 /T 51.7557 128.6/ 0.3450 n.a. n.a. 28.562710 14.754267 -30.83386 2024-Nov-30 20:10 02 38 55.40 -22 39 13.6 88.244438 79.872182 n.a. n.a. 0.987392657725 0.2054074 0.00198977408928 -0.3951571 128.2243 /T 51.6849 128.6/ 0.3355 n.a. n.a. 28.851685 14.283294 -29.65816 2024-Nov-30 20:20 02 39 00.46 -22 34 32.2 86.048229 82.144419 n.a. n.a. 0.987393478769 0.2040123 0.00198822002914 -0.3797225 128.2958 /T 51.6135 128.7/ 0.3261 n.a. n.a. 29.150830 13.883117 -28.45721 2024-Nov-30 20:30 02 39 05.44 -22 29 47.4 82.459187 84.406046 n.a. n.a. 0.987394294206 0.2026121 0.00198672816204 -0.3641509 128.3679 /T 51.5415 128.7/ 0.3169 n.a. n.a. 29.458909 13.552913 -27.23549 2024-Nov-30 20:40 02 39 10.36 -22 24 59.2 74.706721 86.630883 n.a. n.a. 0.987395104017 0.2012065 0.00198529897443 -0.3484737 128.4407 /T 51.4689 128.7/ 0.3078 n.a. n.a. 29.774790 13.291594 -25.99753 2024-Nov-30 20:50 02 39 15.25 -22 20 07.6 43.395204 88.616753 n.a. n.a. 0.987395908180 0.1997958 0.00198393282661 -0.3327225 128.5143 /T 51.3955 128.7/ 0.2989 n.a. n.a. 30.097442 13.097840 -24.74785 2024-Nov-30 21:00 t 02 39 20.13 -22 15 12.7 308.708750 88.267200 n.a. n.a. 0.987396706675 0.1983798 0.00198262995168 -0.3169291 128.5885 /T 51.3214 128.7/ 0.2901 n.a. n.a. 30.425944 12.970137 -23.49095 2024-Nov-30 21:10 02 39 25.03 -22 10 14.4 287.088636 86.174128 n.a. n.a. 0.987397499479 0.1969585 0.00198139045498 -0.3011253 128.6636 /T 51.2465 128.7/ 0.2815 n.a. n.a. 30.759479 12.906807 -22.23125 2024-Nov-30 21:20 02 39 29.97 -22 05 12.8 280.701417 83.931075 n.a. n.a. 0.987398286572 0.1955318 0.00198021431365 -0.2853433 128.7395 /T 51.1707 128.8/ 0.2731 n.a. n.a. 31.097339 12.906038 -20.97313 2024-Nov-30 21:30 02 39 34.96 -22 00 08.0 277.519464 81.657557 n.a. n.a. 0.987399067933 0.1940999 0.00197910137650 -0.2696150 128.8163 /T 51.0941 128.8/ 0.2649 n.a. n.a. 31.438919 12.965903 -19.72084 2024-Nov-30 21:40 02 39 40.05 -21 54 59.9 275.499474 79.372833 n.a. n.a. 0.987399843540 0.1926626 0.00197805136427 -0.2539722 128.8940 /T 51.0165 128.8/ 0.2568 n.a. n.a. 31.783714 13.084382 -18.47848 2024-Nov-30 21:50 02 39 45.24 -21 49 48.6 274.026773 77.082787 n.a. n.a. 0.987400613371 0.1912200 0.00197706386999 -0.2384468 128.9727 /T 50.9380 128.8/ 0.2490 n.a. n.a. 32.131316 13.259380 -17.25003 2024-Nov-30 22:00 02 39 50.57 -21 44 34.2 272.854159 74.789911 n.a. n.a. 0.987401377406 0.1897720 0.00197613835985 -0.2230702 129.0524 /T 50.8585 128.8/ 0.2414 n.a. n.a. 32.481407 13.488739 -16.03928 2024-Nov-30 22:10 02 39 56.05 -21 39 16.6 271.863165 72.495515 n.a. n.a. 0.987402135622 0.1883186 0.00197527417414 -0.2078736 129.1331 /T 50.7779 128.9/ 0.2340 n.a. n.a. 32.833753 13.770250 -14.84982 2024-Nov-30 22:20 02 40 01.71 -21 33 56.1 270.989881 70.200409 n.a. n.a. 0.987402887998 0.1868598 0.00197447052864 -0.1928880 129.2149 /T 50.6962 128.9/ 0.2268 n.a. n.a. 33.188200 14.101662 -13.68506 2024-Nov-30 22:30 02 40 07.58 -21 28 32.6 270.196726 67.905167 n.a. n.a. 0.987403634512 0.1853955 0.00197372651612 -0.1781437 129.2978 /T 50.6135 128.9/ 0.2198 n.a. n.a. 33.544664 14.480692 -12.54817 2024-Nov-30 22:40 02 40 13.66 -21 23 06.3 269.460090 65.610232 n.a. n.a. 0.987404375143 0.1839258 0.00197304110834 -0.1636707 129.3818 /T 50.5296 128.9/ 0.2131 n.a. n.a. 33.903124 14.905028 -11.44209 2024-Nov-30 22:50 02 40 20.00 -21 17 37.1 268.764334 63.315978 n.a. n.a. 0.987405109867 0.1824505 0.00197241315801 -0.1494984 129.4670 /T 50.4446 128.9/ 0.2066 n.a. n.a. 34.263616 15.372338 -10.36954 2024-Nov-30 23:00 02 40 26.59 -21 12 05.3 268.098633 61.022735 n.a. n.a. 0.987405838664 0.1809698 0.00197184140129 -0.1356555 129.5533 /T 50.3583 129.0/ 0.2003 n.a. n.a. 34.626222 15.880272 -9.332987 2024-Nov-30 23:10 02 40 33.48 -21 06 30.8 267.455207 58.730810 n.a. n.a. 0.987406561511 0.1794836 0.00197132446040 -0.1221700 129.6409 /T 50.2709 129.0/ 0.1943 n.a. n.a. 34.991064 16.426469 -8.334662 2024-Nov-30 23:20 02 40 40.66 -21 00 53.7 266.828275 56.440491 n.a. n.a. 0.987407278385 0.1779918 0.00197086084644 -0.1090694 129.7297 /T 50.1822 129.0/ 0.1885 n.a. n.a. 35.358297 17.008560 -7.376551 2024-Nov-30 23:30 02 40 48.18 -20 55 14.2 266.213410 54.152057 n.a. n.a. 0.987407989266 0.1764945 0.00197044896258 -0.0963801 129.8198 /T 50.0922 129.0/ 0.1830 n.a. n.a. 35.728095 17.624172 -6.460400 2024-Nov-30 23:40 02 40 56.03 -20 49 32.4 265.607128 51.865782 n.a. n.a. 0.987408694130 0.1749915 0.00197008710734 -0.0841277 129.9112 /T 50.0010 129.0/ 0.1777 n.a. n.a. 36.100651 18.270933 -5.587720 2024-Nov-30 23:50 02 41 04.25 -20 43 48.3 265.006610 49.581937 n.a. n.a. 0.987409392954 0.1734830 0.00196977347816 -0.0723370 130.0038 /T 49.9085 129.1/ 0.1726 n.a. n.a. 36.476162 18.946477 -4.759792 2024-Dec-01 00:00 02 41 12.84 -20 38 02.1 264.409521 47.300795 n.a. n.a. 0.987410085717 0.1719689 0.00196950617513 -0.0610319 130.0978 /T 49.8147 129.1/ 0.1679 n.a. n.a. 36.854826 19.648446 -3.977673 $$EOE *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. SOLAR PRESENCE (OBSERVING SITE) Time tag is followed by a blank, then a solar-presence condition code: '*' Daylight (refracted solar upper-limb on or above apparent horizon) 'C' Civil twilight/dawn 'N' Nautical twilight/dawn 'A' Astronomical twilight/dawn ' ' Night OR geocentric ephemeris LUNAR PRESENCE WITH TARGET RISE/TRANSIT/SET EVENT MARKER (OBSERVING SITE) The solar-presence code column is immediately followed by another marker: 'm' Refracted upper-limb of Moon on or above apparent horizon ' ' Refracted upper-limb of Moon below apparent horizon OR geocentric The lunar presence marker (an ongoing state) can be over-ridden by a target event marker if an event has occurred since the last output step: 'r' Rise (target body on or went above cut-off RTS elevation) 'e' Elevation max (target body maximum elevation angle has occurred) 't' Transit (target body at or passed through observer meridian) 's' Set (target body on or went below cut-off RTS elevation) RTS MARKERS (TVH) Rise and set are with respect to the reference ellipsoid true visual horizon defined by the elevation cut-off angle. Horizon dip and yellow-light refraction (Earth only) are considered. Accuracy is < or = to twice the requested search step-size. 'R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC' = Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay aberration. Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff} DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff} 'Azi____(a-app)___Elev' = Airless apparent azimuth and elevation of target center. Compensated for light-time, the gravitational deflection of light, stellar aberration, precession and nutation. Azimuth is measured clockwise from north: North(0) -> East(90) -> South(180) -> West(270) -> North (360) Elevation angle is with respect to a plane perpendicular to the reference surface local zenith direction. TOPOCENTRIC ONLY. Units: DEGREES 'APmag S-brt' = The targets' approximate apparent visual magnitude and surface brightness. For planets and natural satellites, output is restricted to solar phase angles covered by observational data. Outside the observed phase angle range, "n.a." may be output to avoid extrapolation beyond the limit of model validity. For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity. Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is computed only if the target radius is known. Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND 'r rdot' = The Sun's apparent range ("r", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("rdot") relative to the target center, as seen by the observer. A positive "rdot" means the target center was moving away from the Sun, negative means moving toward the Sun. Units: AU and KM/S 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S 'S-O-T /r' = Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers' location at print-time. The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below: Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that body rotational sense is considered: /T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun) /L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun) Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion: * If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer. * If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun. Two other codes can be output: /* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined) /? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail) The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system. Units: DEGREES 'S-T-O' = The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES 'T-O-M/MN_Illu%' = Target-Observer-Moon LUNAR ELONGATION angle and illuminated percentage. The apparent lunar elongation angle between target body center and Moon center, seen from the observing site, along with fraction of the lunar disk illuminated by the Sun. A negative lunar elongation angle indicates the target center is behind the Moon. Units: DEGREES & PERCENT 'RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma' = Uncertainty in Right-Ascension and Declination. Output values are the formal +/- 3 standard-deviations (sigmas) around nominal position. Units: ARCSECONDS 'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' = Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA" is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky, measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction. "RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the observer: -90 = target is moving directly toward the observer 0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight +90 = target is moving directly away from the observer UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************