API VERSION: 1.2 API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API ******************************************************************************* Revised: Apr 15, 2026 INTEGRAL Spacecraft (gamma-ray observatory) -198 http://www.esa.int/export/esaMI/Integral/ESAR0RPV16D_0.html INTEGRAL (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory): Deployment (Proton) = Oct 17, 2002 Diameter/length (meters) = 3.7/5 m ORBITAL DATA: Inclination = 51 degrees Orbital period = ~72 hours Apogee altitude = ~ 155000 km Perigee altitude = ~9,000 km The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40,000 km (outside Earth's radiation belts), thus minimizing background radiation effects. Will study black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei and supernovae, providing information on formation of new chemical elements and gamma-ray bursts. ESA mission. WEIGHTS & PROPULSION: Launch Mass: 4 tonnes SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY Launch to 2005-Jan-31 JPL Multi-Mission Navigation Team, merged solutions: OD0018_021017, OD0020_021019, OD0022_021021, OD0030_021029, OD0035_021108, OD0037_021119, OD0040_021129, OD0042_021206, OD0045_021216, OD0047_021222, OD0051_030102, OD0053_030108, OD0057_030120, OD0060_030127, OD0062_030207, OD0066_030219, OD0068_030228, OD0071_030310, OD0075_030321, OD0079_030402, OD0084_030416, OD0089_030502, OD0090_030505, OD0097_030529, OD0105_030624, OD0113_030721, OD0122_030817, OD0127_030907, OD0131_030919, OD0134_031001, OD0141_031022, OD0148_031117, OD0153_031201, OD0157_031212, OD0163_031230, OD0169_040126, OD0179_040222, OD0182_040302, OD0184_040309, OD0192_040401, OD0202_040428, OD0209_040521, OD0212_040530, OD0219_040620, OD0227_040714, OD0236_040810, OD0240_040822, OD0246_040906, OD0251_040927, OD0256_041015, OD0260_041101, OD0267_041123, OD0277_041215, OD0285_050101. 2005-Jan-31 to 2015-Jan-01: JSpOC TLEs 2015-Jan-01 to 2015-Dec-02: ESA-provided ephemeris 2015-Dec-02 to PRESENT : JSpOC TLEs NOTE: The ESA ephemeris is used for much of 2015 since TLE's issued by JSpOC were based on an obsolete predictive ephemeris for the spacecraft that did not reflect January 2015 maneuvering of INTEGRAL to a different orbit. http://sci.esa.int/integral/55345-integral-manoeuvres-for-the-future/ ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / API_USER Wed Apr 15 13:12:48 2026 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: INTEGRAL (spacecraft) (-198) {source: integral_merged} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE441} Center-site name: Swan Reach Imaging, Glenalta ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2025-Sep-04 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2025-Sep-18 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 10 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : undefined Target radii : undefined Center geodetic : 139.5701, -34.5440227, .056888 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 139.5701,5259.32258,-3596.34777 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Earth Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: DE441} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian RTS-only print : NO EOP file : eop.260414.p260711 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2026-APR-14. PREDICTS-> 2026-JUL-10 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation ( 0.0deg=YES),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (YES) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 12.0,180.0=YES),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC Azi____(a-app)___Elev APmag S-brt r rdot delta deldot S-O-T /r S-T-O T-O-M/MN_Illu% RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** $$SOE >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-06 20:30 Ct 17 32 58.17 -58 09 22.5 185.548144 3.143462 n.a. n.a. 1.007816581578 7.2738499 0.00006106281183 -0.6991415 99.4390 /T 80.5572 70.2/ 98.8396 n.a. n.a. 11364.366 93.732962 -4.763453 2025-Sep-06 20:40 Ce 20 47 37.14 -47 13 53.1 214.831851 6.152634 n.a. n.a. 1.007844666423 6.6298827 0.00006437398908 2.2345366 129.9965 /T 50.0001 40.4/ 98.8580 n.a. n.a. 10089.561 47.487321 15.889713 2025-Sep-06 20:50 C 22 03 11.97 -28 31 48.6 237.364379 3.255514 n.a. n.a. 1.007869352530 5.6492258 0.00007729352041 3.9734457 153.7741 /T 26.2231 17.5/ 98.8764 n.a. n.a. 7049.0377 29.976374 31.105975 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-09 12:20 t 08 12 22.20 -57 58 10.0 174.638379 2.977211 n.a. n.a. 1.007142424512 7.3610062 0.00006148068015 -2.5859752 72.6616 /L 107.3350 108.0/ 95.4836 n.a. n.a. 9853.9926 240.37205 -19.44812 2025-Sep-09 12:30 m 04 17 03.63 -58 39 06.4 148.183033 20.341877 n.a. n.a. 1.007170930459 6.7489281 0.00005575947014 -0.1439894 101.4864 /L 78.5102 78.5/ 95.4551 n.a. n.a. 11190.263 297.52105 -1.092103 2025-Sep-09 12:40 m 02 06 40.90 -38 23 41.8 117.027194 32.291489 n.a. n.a. 1.007196135398 5.7849459 0.00006020627944 2.2167546 128.2632 /L 51.7337 49.5/ 95.4269 n.a. n.a. 9303.3647 327.27541 18.130035 2025-Sep-09 12:50 m 01 19 59.10 -19 03 55.0 89.597955 35.473153 n.a. n.a. 1.007217375445 4.8139347 0.00007208158058 3.5263123 145.7155 /L 34.2819 27.7/ 95.3990 n.a. n.a. 6477.5956 336.73986 31.997460 2025-Sep-09 13:00 e 00 57 47.53 -05 05 18.7 70.111057 34.133071 n.a. n.a. 1.007234975651 3.9818039 0.00008746438365 4.0478724 153.4636 /L 26.5343 12.8/ 95.3714 n.a. n.a. 4460.2339 340.83752 40.643169 2025-Sep-09 13:10 m 00 44 44.59 +04 55 09.8 56.690029 31.592931 n.a. n.a. 1.007249555448 3.3070237 0.00010408992092 4.1972133 154.5419 /L 25.4559 2.383/ 95.3441 n.a. n.a. 3212.8074 343.07572 46.076441 2025-Sep-09 13:20 m 00 35 57.03 +12 22 24.7 46.967150 28.998887 n.a. n.a. 1.007261705083 2.7661363 0.00012095244966 4.1888721 152.5625 /L 27.4349 5.562/ 95.3171 n.a. n.a. 2430.7961 344.43257 49.687926 2025-Sep-09 13:30 m 00 29 27.22 +18 09 38.7 39.488763 26.631095 n.a. n.a. 1.007271903119 2.3300746 0.00013763158643 4.1156436 149.6932 /L 30.3035 11.5/ 95.2903 n.a. n.a. 1916.2398 345.27780 52.238598 2025-Sep-09 13:40 m 00 24 19.71 +22 48 44.3 33.443010 24.517969 n.a. n.a. 1.007280519164 1.9742799 0.00015395806749 4.0174546 146.7677 /L 33.2282 16.3/ 95.2638 n.a. n.a. 1560.4057 345.79048 54.139376 2025-Sep-09 13:50 m 00 20 05.18 +26 39 20.7 28.365008 22.625143 n.a. n.a. 1.007287835983 1.6799916 0.00016987181346 3.9119184 144.0413 /L 35.9538 20.2/ 95.2376 n.a. n.a. 1303.4186 346.07276 55.621198 2025-Sep-09 14:00 m 00 16 26.75 +29 54 06.6 23.975011 20.908885 n.a. n.a. 1.007294071148 1.4332940 0.00018536127452 3.8069093 141.5702 /L 38.4240 23.5/ 95.2115 n.a. n.a. 1110.9509 346.18908 56.820555 2025-Sep-09 14:10 m 00 13 14.07 +32 41 31.0 20.096012 19.330087 n.a. n.a. 1.007299394017 1.2238999 0.00020043647632 3.7058721 139.3471 /L 40.6462 26.3/ 95.1857 n.a. n.a. 962.38427 346.18295 57.822124 2025-Sep-09 14:20 m 00 10 20.45 +35 07 28.5 16.610871 17.856869 n.a. n.a. 1.007303938213 1.0441498 0.00021511657634 3.6101714 137.3468 /L 42.6457 28.8/ 95.1601 n.a. n.a. 844.77756 346.08519 58.680763 2025-Sep-09 14:30 m 00 07 41.38 +37 16 13.7 13.439000 16.464060 n.a. n.a. 1.007307810610 0.8882744 0.00022942396649 3.5201776 135.5411 /L 44.4505 31.0/ 95.1347 n.a. n.a. 749.68300 345.91852 59.433376 2025-Sep-09 14:40 m 00 05 13.75 +39 10 55.2 10.523087 15.131994 n.a. n.a. 1.007311097809 0.7518708 0.00024338145624 3.4357888 133.9042 /L 46.0865 32.9/ 95.1094 n.a. n.a. 671.39316 345.70023 60.105601 2025-Sep-09 14:50 m 00 02 55.35 +40 53 55.5 7.821191 13.845341 n.a. n.a. 1.007313870847 0.6315343 0.00025701095443 3.3566885 132.4137 /L 47.5762 34.7/ 95.0843 n.a. n.a. 605.93483 345.44391 60.715749 2025-Sep-09 15:00 m 00 00 44.55 +42 27 04.9 5.301847 12.592144 n.a. n.a. 1.007316188643 0.5245977 0.00027033289723 3.2824748 131.0506 /L 48.9385 36.2/ 95.0593 n.a. n.a. 550.46882 345.16052 61.277203 2025-Sep-09 15:10 m 23 58 40.17 +43 51 50.2 2.940937 11.363061 n.a. n.a. 1.007318100576 0.4289462 0.00028336605089 3.2127251 129.7987 /L 50.1895 37.6/ 95.0345 n.a. n.a. 502.91934 344.85911 61.799940 2025-Sep-09 15:20 m 23 56 41.33 +45 09 21.1 0.719615 10.150788 n.a. n.a. 1.007319648410 0.3428837 0.00029612750141 3.1470283 128.6448 /L 51.3427 38.9/ 95.0098 n.a. n.a. 461.73786 344.54737 62.291517 2025-Sep-09 15:30 t 23 54 47.35 +46 20 33.8 358.622903 8.949616 n.a. n.a. 1.007320867780 0.2650358 0.00030863273381 3.0849994 127.5773 /L 52.4094 40.1/ 94.9851 n.a. n.a. 425.74844 344.23194 62.757735 2025-Sep-09 15:40 m 23 52 57.74 +47 26 14.9 356.638714 7.755092 n.a. n.a. 1.007321789321 0.1942774 0.00032089575052 3.0262852 126.5868 /L 53.3992 41.2/ 94.9605 n.a. n.a. 394.04378 343.91870 63.203088 2025-Sep-09 15:50 m 23 51 12.12 +48 27 02.9 354.757159 6.563762 n.a. n.a. 1.007322439565 0.1296793 0.00033292920252 2.9705655 125.6648 /L 54.3204 42.3/ 94.9359 n.a. n.a. 365.91393 343.61295 63.631086 2025-Sep-09 16:00 m 23 49 30.19 +49 23 30.4 352.970048 5.372967 n.a. n.a. 1.007322841635 0.0704679 0.00034474451968 2.9175515 124.8045 /L 55.1800 43.2/ 94.9114 n.a. n.a. 340.79624 343.31950 64.044474 2025-Sep-09 16:10 m 23 47 51.75 +50 16 04.7 351.270520 4.180685 n.a. n.a. 1.007323015810 0.0159939 0.00035635203379 2.8669845 123.9997 /L 55.9840 44.1/ 94.8869 n.a. n.a. 318.23967 343.04287 64.445403 2025-Sep-09 16:20 m 23 46 16.63 +51 05 09.7 349.652774 2.985413 n.a. n.a. 1.007322979972 -0.0342915 0.00036776109173 2.8186319 123.2452 /L 56.7379 44.9/ 94.8623 n.a. n.a. 297.87891 342.78726 64.835543 2025-Sep-09 16:30 m 23 44 44.72 +51 51 05.5 348.111854 1.786062 n.a. n.a. 1.007322749967 -0.0808555 0.00037898015756 2.7722859 122.5362 /L 57.4462 45.7/ 94.8377 n.a. n.a. 279.41531 342.55672 65.216179 2025-Sep-09 16:40 m 23 43 15.93 +52 34 10.0 346.643502 0.581887 n.a. n.a. 1.007322339910 -0.1240977 0.00039001690407 2.7277597 121.8689 /L 58.1129 46.4/ 94.8131 n.a. n.a. 262.60259 342.35508 65.588275 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Solar Elongation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-14 20:00 Nt 17 49 43.70 -58 10 53.3 187.533610 3.517091 n.a. n.a. 1.005777613451 7.4950189 0.00006098642974 -0.4466632 95.3016 /T 84.6947 151.3/ 45.4977 n.a. n.a. 11406.686 89.647513 -3.040151 2025-Sep-14 20:10 Ne 20 55 17.00 -45 53 01.8 216.544969 5.925675 n.a. n.a. 1.005806642424 6.8800407 0.00006523817413 2.4265997 125.6169 /T 54.3796 140.1/ 45.4492 n.a. n.a. 9854.3444 45.644015 17.343747 2025-Sep-14 20:20 Cm 22 05 32.24 -27 26 05.7 238.348311 2.733614 n.a. n.a. 1.005832371775 5.9204028 0.00007869644362 4.0571007 148.4397 /T 31.5574 124.1/ 45.4010 n.a. n.a. 6827.1961 29.348129 31.995291 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-17 11:50 t 07 57 10.74 -59 08 17.2 172.695663 4.499386 n.a. n.a. 1.005076667245 7.5228397 0.00006052498159 -2.4329783 75.1403 /L 104.8562 82.6/ 18.8160 n.a. n.a. 10085.893 243.71305 -18.24775 2025-Sep-17 12:00 03 58 23.35 -57 37 10.1 145.732073 22.042855 n.a. n.a. 1.005105859162 6.9318306 0.00005558949389 0.0746866 105.1503 /L 74.8463 98.1/ 18.7371 n.a. n.a. 11189.261 301.54371 0.5699572 2025-Sep-17 12:10 01 58 42.41 -36 44 20.6 114.391770 33.446281 n.a. n.a. 1.005131838308 5.9908491 0.00006082194437 2.3742407 132.9190 /L 47.0780 109.1/ 18.6586 n.a. n.a. 9081.6200 328.62749 19.575729 2025-Sep-17 12:20 e 01 15 22.46 -17 48 28.1 87.370136 36.093746 n.a. n.a. 1.005153942577 5.0400434 0.00007315032710 3.6011455 151.8294 /L 28.1682 113.1/ 18.5806 n.a. n.a. 6276.0244 337.31618 32.980835 2025-Sep-17 12:30 00 54 22.86 -04 13 30.1 68.370553 34.521194 n.a. n.a. 1.005172474020 4.2204258 0.00008872795969 4.0774586 161.2832 /L 18.7150 113.2/ 18.5030 n.a. n.a. 4327.9273 341.15806 41.296935 2025-Sep-17 12:40 00 41 52.64 +05 30 47.8 55.289988 31.898009 n.a. n.a. 1.005188020681 3.5508439 0.00010542224091 4.2064912 162.7096 /L 17.2890 112.0/ 18.4258 n.a. n.a. 3128.4399 343.27942 46.537207 2025-Sep-17 12:50 00 33 22.67 +12 47 15.0 45.786626 29.271521 n.a. n.a. 1.005201147582 3.0100159 0.00012229795890 4.1892980 159.9958 /L 20.0024 110.4/ 18.3493 n.a. n.a. 2374.8470 344.56966 50.035984 2025-Sep-17 13:00 00 27 03.51 +18 27 01.8 38.453873 26.886936 n.a. n.a. 1.005212316698 2.5708406 0.00013896617993 4.1122563 156.3375 /L 23.6600 108.8/ 18.2732 n.a. n.a. 1877.2670 345.37214 52.517769 2025-Sep-17 13:10 00 22 03.03 +23 00 45.0 32.509572 24.761422 n.a. n.a. 1.005221887742 2.2101177 0.00015527159443 4.0125240 152.8062 /L 27.1905 107.3/ 18.1978 n.a. n.a. 1532.0130 345.85573 54.374176 2025-Sep-17 13:20 00 17 53.49 +26 47 19.9 27.505640 22.857042 n.a. n.a. 1.005230137988 1.9099424 0.00017116049563 3.9064974 149.6318 /L 30.3640 105.9/ 18.1229 n.a. n.a. 1281.9329 346.11769 55.826013 2025-Sep-17 13:30 00 14 18.82 +29 58 58.9 23.171956 21.128999 n.a. n.a. 1.005237282238 1.6569179 0.00018662431439 3.8014931 146.8227 /L 33.1722 104.7/ 18.0488 n.a. n.a. 1094.1703 346.21978 57.004257 2025-Sep-17 13:40 00 11 09.10 +32 43 54.6 19.337258 19.537951 n.a. n.a. 1.005243488720 1.4410658 0.00020167447306 3.7006899 144.3368 /L 35.6572 103.6/ 17.9752 n.a. n.a. 948.92992 346.20389 57.990442 2025-Sep-17 13:50 00 08 17.93 +35 07 50.9 15.887982 18.052054 n.a. n.a. 1.005248890893 1.2549070 0.00021633075856 3.6053214 142.1261 /L 37.8670 102.6/ 17.9024 n.a. n.a. 833.75077 346.09981 58.837544 2025-Sep-17 14:00 00 05 40.96 +37 14 55.5 12.745865 16.646249 n.a. n.a. 1.005253596025 1.0927748 0.00023061581108 3.5156924 140.1479 /L 39.8444 101.7/ 17.8303 n.a. n.a. 740.47706 345.92957 59.581291 2025-Sep-17 14:10 00 03 15.20 +39 08 12.1 9.855155 15.300985 n.a. n.a. 1.005257691431 0.9503220 0.00024455249687 3.4316682 138.3663 /L 41.6251 100.9/ 17.7589 n.a. n.a. 663.58565 345.70999 60.246559 2025-Sep-17 14:20 00 00 58.49 +40 49 59.8 7.174995 14.001035 n.a. n.a. 1.005261249020 0.8241708 0.00025816268633 3.3529161 136.7524 /L 43.2382 100.2/ 17.6884 n.a. n.a. 599.22363 345.45433 60.851143 2025-Sep-17 14:30 23 58 49.29 +42 22 06.3 4.674691 12.734527 n.a. n.a. 1.005264328664 0.7116641 0.00027146673197 3.2790270 135.2823 /L 44.7075 99.5/ 17.6186 n.a. n.a. 544.63271 345.17328 61.408067 2025-Sep-17 14:40 23 56 46.43 +43 45 56.8 2.330687 11.492186 n.a. n.a. 1.005266980707 0.6106865 0.00028448329734 3.2095757 133.9367 /L 46.0522 98.9/ 17.5496 n.a. n.a. 497.79297 344.87574 61.927050 2025-Sep-17 14:50 23 54 49.05 +45 02 39.2 0.124554 10.266759 n.a. n.a. 1.005269247874 0.5195356 0.00029722936050 3.1441510 132.6997 /L 47.2885 98.3/ 17.4814 n.a. n.a. 457.19540 344.56924 62.415463 2025-Sep-17 15:00 t 23 52 56.52 +46 13 08.9 358.041628 9.052575 n.a. n.a. 1.005271166721 0.4368270 0.00030972030049 3.0823688 131.5580 /L 48.4294 97.8/ 17.4141 n.a. n.a. 421.69254 344.26033 62.878960 2025-Sep-17 15:10 23 51 08.33 +47 18 11.6 356.070066 7.845213 n.a. n.a. 1.005272768767 0.3614243 0.00032197001920 3.0238775 130.5005 /L 49.4861 97.3/ 17.3476 n.a. n.a. 390.39810 343.95479 63.321927 2025-Sep-17 15:20 23 49 24.13 +48 18 25.1 354.200165 6.641239 n.a. n.a. 1.005274081378 0.2923861 0.00033399107398 2.9683586 129.5180 /L 50.4679 96.9/ 17.2821 n.a. n.a. 362.61780 343.65786 63.747785 2025-Sep-17 15:30 23 47 43.63 +49 14 21.3 352.423884 5.438009 n.a. n.a. 1.005275128467 0.2289266 0.00034579480846 2.9155254 128.6025 /L 51.3827 96.5/ 17.2174 n.a. n.a. 337.80091 343.37431 64.159208 2025-Sep-17 15:40 23 46 06.61 +50 06 27.5 350.734478 4.233513 n.a. n.a. 1.005275931051 0.1703844 0.00035739147554 2.8651207 127.7471 /L 52.2374 96.1/ 17.1536 n.a. n.a. 315.50557 343.10859 64.558287 2025-Sep-17 15:50 23 44 32.94 +50 55 06.7 349.126241 3.026253 n.a. n.a. 1.005276507706 0.1161994 0.00036879034999 2.8169137 126.9461 /L 53.0377 95.7/ 17.0907 n.a. n.a. 295.37362 342.86490 64.946644 2025-Sep-17 16:00 23 43 02.48 +51 40 39.2 347.594293 1.815145 n.a. n.a. 1.005276874929 0.0658937 0.00037999983019 2.7706980 126.1944 /L 53.7887 95.4/ 17.0288 n.a. n.a. 277.11206 342.64722 65.325519 2025-Sep-17 16:10 23 41 35.16 +52 23 22.3 346.134439 0.599443 n.a. n.a. 1.005277047441 0.0190574 0.00039102752904 2.7262882 125.4875 /L 54.4949 95.0/ 16.9678 n.a. n.a. 260.47914 342.45937 65.695839 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< $$EOE *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. SOLAR PRESENCE (OBSERVING SITE) Time tag is followed by a blank, then a solar-presence condition code: '*' Daylight (refracted solar upper-limb on or above apparent horizon) 'C' Civil twilight/dawn 'N' Nautical twilight/dawn 'A' Astronomical twilight/dawn ' ' Night OR geocentric ephemeris LUNAR PRESENCE WITH TARGET RISE/TRANSIT/SET EVENT MARKER (OBSERVING SITE) The solar-presence code column is immediately followed by another marker: 'm' Refracted upper-limb of Moon on or above apparent horizon ' ' Refracted upper-limb of Moon below apparent horizon OR geocentric The lunar presence marker (an ongoing state) can be over-ridden by a target event marker if an event has occurred since the last output step: 'r' Rise (target body on or went above cut-off RTS elevation) 'e' Elevation max (target body maximum elevation angle has occurred) 't' Transit (target body at or passed through observer meridian) 's' Set (target body on or went below cut-off RTS elevation) RTS MARKERS (TVH) Rise and set are with respect to the reference ellipsoid true visual horizon defined by the elevation cut-off angle. Horizon dip and yellow-light refraction (Earth only) are considered. Accuracy is < or = to twice the requested search step-size. 'R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC' = Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay aberration. Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff} DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff} 'Azi____(a-app)___Elev' = Airless apparent azimuth and elevation of target center. Compensated for light-time, the gravitational deflection of light, stellar aberration, precession and nutation. Azimuth is measured clockwise from north: North(0) -> East(90) -> South(180) -> West(270) -> North (360) Elevation angle is with respect to a plane perpendicular to the reference surface local zenith direction. TOPOCENTRIC ONLY. Units: DEGREES 'APmag S-brt' = The targets' approximate apparent visual magnitude and surface brightness. For planets and natural satellites, output is restricted to solar phase angles covered by observational data. Outside the observed phase angle range, "n.a." may be output to avoid extrapolation beyond the limit of model validity. For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity. Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is computed only if the target radius is known. Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND 'r rdot' = The Sun's apparent range ("r", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("rdot") relative to the target center, as seen by the observer. A positive "rdot" means the target center was moving away from the Sun, negative means moving toward the Sun. Units: AU and KM/S 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S 'S-O-T /r' = Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers' location at print-time. The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below: Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that body rotational sense is considered: /T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun) /L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun) Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion: * If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer. * If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun. Two other codes can be output: /* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined) /? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail) The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system. Units: DEGREES 'S-T-O' = The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES 'T-O-M/MN_Illu%' = Target-Observer-Moon LUNAR ELONGATION angle and illuminated percentage. The apparent lunar elongation angle between target body center and Moon center, seen from the observing site, along with fraction of the lunar disk illuminated by the Sun. A negative lunar elongation angle indicates the target center is behind the Moon. Units: DEGREES & PERCENT 'RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma' = Uncertainty in Right-Ascension and Declination. Output values are the formal +/- 3 standard-deviations (sigmas) around nominal position. Units: ARCSECONDS 'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' = Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA" is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky, measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction. "RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the observer: -90 = target is moving directly toward the observer 0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight +90 = target is moving directly away from the observer UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/horizons_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************