API VERSION: 1.2 API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API ******************************************************************************* Revised: May 12, 2026 INTEGRAL Spacecraft (gamma-ray observatory) -198 http://www.esa.int/export/esaMI/Integral/ESAR0RPV16D_0.html INTEGRAL (INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory): Deployment (Proton) = Oct 17, 2002 Diameter/length (meters) = 3.7/5 m ORBITAL DATA: Inclination = 51 degrees Orbital period = ~72 hours Apogee altitude = ~ 155000 km Perigee altitude = ~9,000 km The spacecraft will spend most of its time above an altitude of 40,000 km (outside Earth's radiation belts), thus minimizing background radiation effects. Will study black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei and supernovae, providing information on formation of new chemical elements and gamma-ray bursts. ESA mission. WEIGHTS & PROPULSION: Launch Mass: 4 tonnes SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY Launch to 2005-Jan-31 JPL Multi-Mission Navigation Team, merged solutions: OD0018_021017, OD0020_021019, OD0022_021021, OD0030_021029, OD0035_021108, OD0037_021119, OD0040_021129, OD0042_021206, OD0045_021216, OD0047_021222, OD0051_030102, OD0053_030108, OD0057_030120, OD0060_030127, OD0062_030207, OD0066_030219, OD0068_030228, OD0071_030310, OD0075_030321, OD0079_030402, OD0084_030416, OD0089_030502, OD0090_030505, OD0097_030529, OD0105_030624, OD0113_030721, OD0122_030817, OD0127_030907, OD0131_030919, OD0134_031001, OD0141_031022, OD0148_031117, OD0153_031201, OD0157_031212, OD0163_031230, OD0169_040126, OD0179_040222, OD0182_040302, OD0184_040309, OD0192_040401, OD0202_040428, OD0209_040521, OD0212_040530, OD0219_040620, OD0227_040714, OD0236_040810, OD0240_040822, OD0246_040906, OD0251_040927, OD0256_041015, OD0260_041101, OD0267_041123, OD0277_041215, OD0285_050101. 2005-Jan-31 to 2015-Jan-01: JSpOC TLEs 2015-Jan-01 to 2015-Dec-02: ESA-provided ephemeris 2015-Dec-02 to PRESENT : JSpOC TLEs NOTE: The ESA ephemeris is used for much of 2015 since TLE's issued by JSpOC were based on an obsolete predictive ephemeris for the spacecraft that did not reflect January 2015 maneuvering of INTEGRAL to a different orbit. http://sci.esa.int/integral/55345-integral-manoeuvres-for-the-future/ ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / API_USER Thu May 14 06:44:01 2026 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: INTEGRAL (spacecraft) (-198) {source: integral_merged} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE441} Center-site name: Swan Reach Imaging, Glenalta ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2025-Jul-06 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2025-Jul-20 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 10 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : undefined Target radii : undefined Center geodetic : 139.5701, -34.5440227, .056888 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 139.5701,5259.32258,-3596.34777 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Earth Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: DE441} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian RTS-only print : NO EOP file : eop.260513.p260809 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2026-MAY-13. PREDICTS-> 2026-AUG-08 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation ( 0.0deg=YES),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (YES) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 12.0,180.0=YES),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC Azi____(a-app)___Elev APmag S-brt r rdot delta deldot S-O-T /r S-T-O T-O-M/MN_Illu% RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** $$SOE >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Jul-07 16:10 m 04 49 11.96 -55 04 53.4 151.188070 11.389151 n.a. n.a. 1.016645170478 1.0422751 0.00005637116504 -0.1247256 83.0171 /L 96.9798 98.4/ 89.6230 n.a. n.a. 11314.956 293.14586 -0.921310 2025-Jul-07 16:20 m 02 36 32.77 -36 13 45.0 120.564274 20.275071 n.a. n.a. 1.016647908236 0.3488540 0.00006096319759 2.2679430 86.7308 /L 93.2662 112.7/ 89.6558 n.a. n.a. 9414.9048 323.59154 18.105770 2025-Jul-07 16:30 m 01 45 33.46 -17 15 42.1 95.654605 22.800501 n.a. n.a. 1.016648231562 -0.1557059 0.00007305043435 3.5792762 88.0720 /L 91.9246 122.1/ 89.6893 n.a. n.a. 6552.3499 334.30735 31.743698 2025-Jul-07 16:40 e 01 21 11.76 -03 19 58.7 78.037776 22.161293 n.a. n.a. 1.016646892678 -0.4878840 0.00008860936859 4.0858200 88.0306 /L 91.9652 127.1/ 89.7234 n.a. n.a. 4514.7485 339.17588 40.195844 2025-Jul-07 16:50 m 01 06 58.55 +06 42 51.5 65.547294 20.631780 n.a. n.a. 1.016644477401 -0.7007406 0.00010534451936 4.2187368 87.4677 /L 92.5272 129.5/ 89.7582 n.a. n.a. 3256.4959 341.92321 45.492789 2025-Jul-07 17:00 m 00 57 28.91 +14 13 59.7 56.226779 19.011878 n.a. n.a. 1.016641372755 -0.8373932 0.00012225632534 4.1969850 86.7647 /L 93.2292 130.6/ 89.7935 n.a. n.a. 2467.5768 343.63621 49.013343 2025-Jul-07 17:10 m 00 50 31.60 +20 05 26.7 48.894767 17.515170 n.a. n.a. 1.016637823921 -0.9258559 0.00013893790221 4.1136293 86.0638 /L 93.9291 131.0/ 89.8295 n.a. n.a. 1948.0713 344.73939 51.503049 2025-Jul-07 17:20 m 00 45 04.71 +24 48 40.3 42.871870 16.174162 n.a. n.a. 1.016633986846 -0.9833741 0.00015523202228 4.0079431 85.4135 /L 94.5785 131.0/ 89.8662 n.a. n.a. 1588.4841 345.44250 53.361548 2025-Jul-07 17:30 m 00 40 35.56 +28 43 11.5 37.755529 14.971266 n.a. n.a. 1.016629962694 -1.0205627 0.00017108777586 3.8968596 84.8266 /L 95.1645 130.8/ 89.9035 n.a. n.a. 1328.5609 345.86586 54.812594 2025-Jul-07 17:40 m 00 36 45.37 +32 01 37.3 33.295965 13.878658 n.a. n.a. 1.016625818653 -1.0440786 0.00018650031602 3.7877241 84.3028 /L 95.6874 130.5/ 89.9414 n.a. n.a. 1133.7456 346.08526 55.988296 2025-Jul-07 17:50 m 00 33 22.61 +34 52 26.9 29.331011 12.869894 n.a. n.a. 1.016621600371 -1.0581989 0.00020148454652 3.6836013 83.8372 /L 96.1522 130.1/ 89.9800 n.a. n.a. 983.26735 346.15149 56.970702 2025-Jul-07 18:00 m 00 30 19.86 +37 21 35.7 25.751057 11.922745 n.a. n.a. 1.016617339498 -1.0657415 0.00021606321070 3.5855876 83.4235 /L 96.5651 129.7/ 90.0193 n.a. n.a. 864.07782 346.10028 57.813100 2025-Jul-07 18:10 m 00 27 32.13 +39 33 19.9 22.479397 11.019338 n.a. n.a. 1.016613058357 -1.0686068 0.00023026137913 3.4938646 83.0556 /L 96.9322 129.3/ 90.0592 n.a. n.a. 767.65195 345.95769 58.551473 2025-Jul-07 18:20 m 00 24 55.97 +41 30 48.8 19.460735 10.145563 n.a. n.a. 1.016608772917 -1.0681046 0.00024410389943 3.4081962 82.7277 /L 97.2592 128.8/ 90.0997 n.a. n.a. 688.22544 345.74343 59.210935 2025-Jul-07 18:30 m 00 22 28.90 +43 16 26.2 16.654180 9.290365 n.a. n.a. 1.016604494730 -1.0651548 0.00025761426141 3.3281690 82.4350 /L 97.5512 128.4/ 90.1409 n.a. n.a. 621.78254 345.47281 59.809516 2025-Jul-07 18:40 m 00 20 09.14 +44 52 03.2 14.028815 8.445125 n.a. n.a. 1.016600232219 -1.0604147 0.00027081415117 3.2533104 82.1731 /L 97.8124 127.9/ 90.1827 n.a. n.a. 565.45189 345.15811 60.360475 2025-Jul-07 18:50 m 00 17 55.39 +46 19 07.3 11.560816 7.603144 n.a. n.a. 1.016595991552 -1.0543611 0.00028372334153 3.1831455 81.9382 /L 98.0466 127.5/ 90.2251 n.a. n.a. 517.13298 344.80936 60.873762 2025-Jul-07 19:00 m 00 15 46.67 +47 38 48.5 9.231505 6.759239 n.a. n.a. 1.016591777257 -1.0473441 0.00029635974334 3.1172237 81.7269 /L 98.2571 127.0/ 90.2681 n.a. n.a. 475.25813 344.43501 61.356971 2025-Jul-07 19:10 m 00 13 42.24 +48 52 03.8 7.026018 5.909428 n.a. n.a. 1.016587592646 -1.0396242 0.00030873952875 3.0551295 81.5366 /L 98.4467 126.6/ 90.3117 n.a. n.a. 438.63629 344.04231 61.815983 2025-Jul-07 19:20 m 00 11 41.55 +49 59 40.0 4.932361 5.050689 n.a. n.a. 1.016583440126 -1.0313967 0.00032087728121 2.9964863 81.3647 /L 98.6179 126.2/ 90.3559 n.a. n.a. 406.34824 343.63764 62.255401 2025-Jul-07 19:30 m 00 09 44.21 +51 02 16.0 2.940738 4.180763 n.a. n.a. 1.016579321418 -1.0228094 0.00033278614973 2.9409551 81.2091 /L 98.7729 125.8/ 90.4007 n.a. n.a. 377.67439 343.22667 62.678861 2025-Jul-07 19:40 00 07 49.91 +52 00 24.5 1.043050 3.298007 n.a. n.a. 1.016575237729 -1.0139750 0.00034447799625 2.8882326 81.0678 /L 98.9135 125.4/ 90.4461 n.a. n.a. 352.04432 342.81458 63.089253 2025-Jul-07 19:50 t 00 05 58.42 +52 54 33.3 359.232538 2.401276 n.a. n.a. 1.016571189865 -1.0049797 0.00035596353153 2.8380476 80.9392 /L 99.0415 125.1/ 90.4920 n.a. n.a. 329.00058 342.40615 63.488879 2025-Jul-07 20:00 00 04 09.60 +53 45 06.2 357.503500 1.489829 n.a. n.a. 1.016567178330 -0.9958899 0.00036725243781 2.7901577 80.8219 /L 99.1582 124.7/ 90.5384 n.a. n.a. 308.17261 342.00588 63.879575 2025-Jul-07 20:10 00 02 23.34 +54 32 23.7 355.851084 0.563251 n.a. n.a. 1.016563203395 -0.9867569 0.00037835347826 2.7443465 80.7144 /L 99.2651 124.3/ 90.5854 n.a. n.a. 289.25731 341.61802 64.262798 2025-Jul-07 20:20 A 00 00 39.59 +55 16 43.7 354.271129 -0.378604 n.a. n.a. 1.016559265147 -0.9776201 0.00038927459432 2.7004202 80.6155 /L 99.3633 124.0/ 90.6328 n.a. n.a. 272.00471 341.24666 64.639693 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Jul-10 07:50 Cm 00 37 33.68 -62 42 49.4 181.908477 7.168111 n.a. n.a. 1.016581902395 2.3411777 0.00005595996358 4.2037421 114.2345 /L 65.7634 64.1/ 99.6360 n.a. n.a. 10338.456 355.36011 31.014272 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Jul-15 15:40 t 07 04 48.50 -58 16 26.5 168.603451 4.666904 n.a. n.a. 1.016405352782 2.5439587 0.00005878892914 -1.7718047 80.0682 /L 99.9283 99.8/ 75.1396 n.a. n.a. 10706.810 259.83173 -13.10373 2025-Jul-15 15:50 m 03 36 56.31 -49 44 45.3 138.616692 17.866050 n.a. n.a. 1.016413958554 1.7386427 0.00005686931301 0.8401269 89.1152 /L 90.8818 69.8/ 75.0898 n.a. n.a. 10891.325 309.52493 6.4073712 2025-Jul-15 16:00 m 02 06 26.50 -28 58 30.2 109.201550 24.619985 n.a. n.a. 1.016419426016 1.0121752 0.00006466840381 2.8563004 94.7049 /L 85.2920 45.1/ 75.0406 n.a. n.a. 8282.1662 329.53554 23.809145 2025-Jul-15 16:10 e 01 29 34.59 -11 48 32.4 86.732632 25.565348 n.a. n.a. 1.016422332632 0.4660319 0.00007834399172 3.8133821 96.5858 /L 83.4105 30.2/ 74.9920 n.a. n.a. 5675.5083 336.99518 35.356846 2025-Jul-15 16:20 m 01 10 23.27 +00 30 51.5 71.028621 24.239380 n.a. n.a. 1.016423386597 0.0819514 0.00009445979902 4.1503959 96.6094 /L 83.3861 24.1/ 74.9440 n.a. n.a. 3969.4783 340.69747 42.481136 2025-Jul-15 16:30 m 00 58 30.32 +09 29 47.8 59.762051 22.404444 n.a. n.a. 1.016423147607 -0.1855056 0.00011130242795 4.2150625 95.9429 /L 84.0517 23.9/ 74.8965 n.a. n.a. 2917.5630 342.87651 47.038439 2025-Jul-15 16:40 m 00 50 14.37 +16 18 59.8 51.223209 20.608393 n.a. n.a. 1.016422004053 -0.3740581 0.00012814583149 4.1676341 95.0713 /L 84.9223 26.2/ 74.8495 n.a. n.a. 2246.4559 344.25170 50.139337 2025-Jul-15 16:50 m 00 44 00.06 +21 41 50.7 44.414817 18.978847 n.a. n.a. 1.016420217332 -0.5095019 0.00014469566732 4.0759368 94.1784 /L 85.8142 29.1/ 74.8030 n.a. n.a. 1796.0108 345.13094 52.377976 2025-Jul-15 17:00 m 00 39 00.29 +26 04 41.2 38.762018 17.520269 n.a. n.a. 1.016417964448 -0.6086526 0.00016084068405 3.9690210 93.3312 /L 86.6605 32.0/ 74.7570 n.a. n.a. 1478.9289 345.67604 54.077883 2025-Jul-15 17:10 m 00 34 49.27 +29 44 05.4 33.920388 16.205855 n.a. n.a. 1.016415367547 -0.6824599 0.00017654879748 3.8595848 92.5509 /L 87.4399 34.7/ 74.7113 n.a. n.a. 1246.4761 345.98364 55.423950 2025-Jul-15 17:20 m 00 31 11.79 +32 50 55.4 29.673596 15.004815 n.a. n.a. 1.016412512831 -0.7381663 0.00019182257519 3.7531604 91.8409 /L 88.1490 37.1/ 74.6660 n.a. n.a. 1070.2033 346.11631 56.527479 2025-Jul-15 17:30 m 00 27 58.34 +35 32 35.6 25.879610 13.889872 n.a. n.a. 1.016409462496 -0.7806651 0.00020667939933 3.6520206 91.1977 /L 88.7913 39.3/ 74.6210 n.a. n.a. 932.71878 346.11688 57.458769 2025-Jul-15 17:40 m 00 25 02.66 +37 54 20.3 22.441479 12.838678 n.a. n.a. 1.016406262350 -0.8133373 0.00022114233359 3.5569177 90.6156 /L 89.3726 41.3/ 74.5763 n.a. n.a. 822.93093 346.01602 58.264132 2025-Jul-15 17:50 m 00 22 20.50 +39 59 57.8 19.290767 11.833466 n.a. n.a. 1.016402946762 -0.8385700 0.00023523584794 3.4678923 90.0882 /L 89.8992 43.0/ 74.5318 n.a. n.a. 733.49705 345.83646 58.975209 2025-Jul-15 18:00 m 00 19 48.90 +41 52 18.8 16.377766 10.860274 n.a. n.a. 1.016399541949 -0.8580823 0.00024898383357 3.3846604 89.6094 /L 90.3772 44.6/ 74.4875 n.a. n.a. 659.39524 345.59561 59.614296 2025-Jul-15 18:10 m 00 17 25.72 +43 33 33.7 13.665461 9.908188 n.a. n.a. 1.016396068204 -0.8731354 0.00026240872791 3.3068039 89.1738 /L 90.8121 46.1/ 74.4433 n.a. n.a. 597.09199 345.30720 60.197531 2025-Jul-15 18:20 m 00 15 09.40 +45 05 24.1 11.125694 8.968694 n.a. n.a. 1.016392541441 -0.8846700 0.00027553118645 3.2338639 88.7764 /L 91.2087 47.4/ 74.3993 n.a. n.a. 544.03870 344.98231 60.736854 2025-Jul-15 18:30 m 00 12 58.80 +46 29 10.3 8.736638 8.035172 n.a. n.a. 1.016388974280 -0.8933986 0.00028837002279 3.1653865 88.4130 /L 91.5713 48.7/ 74.3553 n.a. n.a. 498.35671 344.63017 61.241269 2025-Jul-15 18:40 m 00 10 53.06 +47 45 57.2 6.481082 7.102490 n.a. n.a. 1.016385376834 -0.8998677 0.00030094227714 3.1009441 88.0798 /L 91.9038 49.8/ 74.3114 n.a. n.a. 458.63441 344.25859 61.717677 2025-Jul-15 18:50 m 00 08 51.53 +48 56 37.6 4.345259 6.166697 n.a. n.a. 1.016381757280 -0.9045024 0.00031326334136 3.0401437 87.7735 /L 92.2094 50.8/ 74.2674 n.a. n.a. 423.79293 343.87435 62.171430 2025-Jul-15 19:00 m 00 06 53.74 +50 01 55.2 2.317997 5.224781 n.a. n.a. 1.016378122279 -0.9076365 0.00032534710390 2.9826290 87.4912 /L 92.4910 51.8/ 74.2234 n.a. n.a. 392.99513 343.48347 62.606725 2025-Jul-15 19:10 m 00 04 59.33 +51 02 26.4 0.390126 4.274481 n.a. n.a. 1.016374477300 -0.9095350 0.00033720609633 2.9280797 87.2304 /L 92.7512 52.7/ 74.1792 n.a. n.a. 365.58256 343.09136 63.026875 2025-Jul-15 19:20 t 00 03 08.02 +51 58 42.1 358.554029 3.314139 n.a. n.a. 1.016370826857 -0.9104102 0.00034885163224 2.8762087 86.9887 /L 92.9922 53.5/ 74.1349 n.a. n.a. 341.03100 342.70298 63.434510 2025-Jul-15 19:30 m 00 01 19.64 +52 51 08.4 356.803313 2.342588 n.a. n.a. 1.016367174698 -0.9104337 0.00036029393495 2.8267591 86.7643 /L 93.2160 54.3/ 74.0904 n.a. n.a. 318.91844 342.32295 63.831716 2025-Jul-15 19:40 m 23 59 34.05 +53 40 07.8 355.132563 1.359054 n.a. n.a. 1.016363523948 -0.9097452 0.00037154225280 2.7795013 86.5552 /L 93.4244 55.1/ 74.0457 n.a. n.a. 298.90178 341.95564 64.220145 2025-Jul-15 19:50 m 23 57 51.16 +54 25 59.9 353.537153 0.363085 n.a. n.a. 1.016359877227 -0.9084591 0.00038260496208 2.7342298 86.3600 /L 93.6190 55.7/ 74.0007 n.a. n.a. 280.69953 341.60521 64.601097 >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< $$EOE *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. SOLAR PRESENCE (OBSERVING SITE) Time tag is followed by a blank, then a solar-presence condition code: '*' Daylight (refracted solar upper-limb on or above apparent horizon) 'C' Civil twilight/dawn 'N' Nautical twilight/dawn 'A' Astronomical twilight/dawn ' ' Night OR geocentric ephemeris LUNAR PRESENCE WITH TARGET RISE/TRANSIT/SET EVENT MARKER (OBSERVING SITE) The solar-presence code column is immediately followed by another marker: 'm' Refracted upper-limb of Moon on or above apparent horizon ' ' Refracted upper-limb of Moon below apparent horizon OR geocentric The lunar presence marker (an ongoing state) can be over-ridden by a target event marker if an event has occurred since the last output step: 'r' Rise (target body on or went above cut-off RTS elevation) 'e' Elevation max (target body maximum elevation angle has occurred) 't' Transit (target body at or passed through observer meridian) 's' Set (target body on or went below cut-off RTS elevation) RTS MARKERS (TVH) Rise and set are with respect to the reference ellipsoid true visual horizon defined by the elevation cut-off angle. Horizon dip and yellow-light refraction (Earth only) are considered. Accuracy is < or = to twice the requested search step-size. 'R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC' = Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay aberration. Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff} DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff} 'Azi____(a-app)___Elev' = Airless apparent azimuth and elevation of target center. Compensated for light-time, the gravitational deflection of light, stellar aberration, precession and nutation. Azimuth is measured clockwise from north: North(0) -> East(90) -> South(180) -> West(270) -> North (360) Elevation angle is with respect to a plane perpendicular to the reference surface local zenith direction. TOPOCENTRIC ONLY. Units: DEGREES 'APmag S-brt' = The targets' approximate apparent visual magnitude and surface brightness. For planets and natural satellites, output is restricted to solar phase angles covered by observational data. Outside the observed phase angle range, "n.a." may be output to avoid extrapolation beyond the limit of model validity. For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity. Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is computed only if the target radius is known. Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND 'r rdot' = The Sun's apparent range ("r", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("rdot") relative to the target center, as seen by the observer. A positive "rdot" means the target center was moving away from the Sun, negative means moving toward the Sun. Units: AU and KM/S 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S 'S-O-T /r' = Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers' location at print-time. The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below: Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that body rotational sense is considered: /T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun) /L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun) Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion: * If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer. * If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun. Two other codes can be output: /* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined) /? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail) The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system. Units: DEGREES 'S-T-O' = The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES 'T-O-M/MN_Illu%' = Target-Observer-Moon LUNAR ELONGATION angle and illuminated percentage. The apparent lunar elongation angle between target body center and Moon center, seen from the observing site, along with fraction of the lunar disk illuminated by the Sun. A negative lunar elongation angle indicates the target center is behind the Moon. Units: DEGREES & PERCENT 'RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma' = Uncertainty in Right-Ascension and Declination. Output values are the formal +/- 3 standard-deviations (sigmas) around nominal position. Units: ARCSECONDS 'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' = Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA" is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky, measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction. "RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the observer: -90 = target is moving directly toward the observer 0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight +90 = target is moving directly away from the observer UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/horizons_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Author : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************