API VERSION: 1.2 API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API ******************************************************************************* Revised: Aug 05, 2026 Wind Spacecraft / (Earth) -8 https://wind.nasa.gov/ https://hpde.io/SMWG/Observatory/Wind https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/25-years-of-science-in-the-solar-wind BACKGROUND: The primary science objectives of the Wind mission are: - Provide plasma, energetic particle, and magnetic field data for magnetospheric and ionospheric studies - Investigate plasma processes occurring in the near-Earth solar wind - Provide baseline, 1 AU, ecliptic plane observations for inner and outer heliospheric missions Wind is a spin-stabilized spacecraft launched on a Delta II 7925-10 rocket 1994-Nov-1 @ 09:31 UTC from pad 17B at Cape Canaveral, FL. The spacecraft has visited many regions of the near-Earth space environment. For the first nine months of operation, Wind was placed in a double-lunar swingby orbit near the ecliptic plane, with apogee from 80 to 250 Earth radii and perigee of between 5 and 10 Earth radii. In this orbit, lunar gravity assists were used to keep its apogee over the day hemisphere of the Earth, and magnetospheric observations were made through several orbit passages. Wind was then temporarily inserted into a small amplitude "halo" orbit, about the sunward Sun-Earth gravitational equilibrium point (SEMB-L1), varying from 235 to 265 Earth radii (Re). In 2001 and 2002, Wind had a distant prograde orbit that took it +/- 300 Re leading and lagging Earth. This orbit provided a wide baseline to study solar wind structures and correlations. In 2003 (Nov 2003 to Feb 2004), Wind reached the L2 Lagrange point 240 Re anti-sunward from Earth providing a 500 Re spatial separation from ACE solar wind observations along with measurements of the distant Earth magnetotail. In late June of 2004, Wind used its last lunar gravity assist to insert into a L1 Lissajous orbit to observe the unperturbed solar wind prior to it impacting the magnetosphere of Earth, providing an approx. one-hour warning of changes in the solar wind. On June 26, 2020, Wind completed the first halo orbit insertion maneuver. A second was completed on August 31, 2020, a third on November 9, 2020. The maneuvers were necessary to prevent Wind from entering the solar exclusion zone around the solar disk, where solar radio emissions can interfere with spacecraft communications. The halo orbit is an ellipse tilted with respect to the ecliptic plane, while Lissajous has an out-of-plane (z) component oscillation decoupled from in-plane components. Wind currently has enough fuel to continue its mission at L1 into the 2070s. SPACECRAFT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Bus size : 2.4 x 1.8 m cylinder Power : 370 Watts (body mounted solar panels) Launch mass: 1250 kg Dry mass : 950 kg Extension : Long wire spin-plane antennas, inertial booms, and spin-plane appendages to support sensors. Experiment booms deployed along both Z axes. Spin rate : 20 rpm (~3 s period) w/axis < 1 degree from normal to ecliptic (spacecraft +Z spin axis aligned with south ecliptic pole) SCIENCE INSTRUMENTS 1. Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) 2. Solar Wind Experiment (SWE) Faraday Cup - Ion Data Electron Data 3. 3D Plasma Analyzer 4. SMS Suprathermal Particle Data 5. EPACT High Energy Particle Data 6. WAVES Radio and Plasma Waves Data 7. KONUS and TGRS Data (gamma ray) SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY: This trajectory is a concatenation of weekly prediction provided by GSFC. Based on tracking data through 2026-Aug-03, prediction thereafter. Trajectory name Start Stop ---------------------------- ----------- ----------- Wind_merged 1994-Nov-01 2026-Oct-27 ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Ephemeris / API_USER Thu Aug 13 08:57:53 2026 Pasadena, USA / Horizons ******************************************************************************* Target body name: Wind (spacecraft) (-8) {source: Wind_merged} Center body name: Earth (399) {source: DE441} Center-site name: El Berrueco ******************************************************************************* Start time : A.D. 2025-Sep-04 00:00:00.0000 UT Stop time : A.D. 2025-Sep-18 00:00:00.0000 UT Step-size : 10 minutes ******************************************************************************* Target pole/equ : undefined Target radii : undefined Center geodetic : 356.4134, 40.8833094, 1.06361 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)} Center cylindric: 356.4134,4829.88693,4153.33056 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)} Center pole/equ : ITRF93 {East-longitude positive} Center radii : 6378.137, 6378.137, 6356.752 km {Equator_a, b, pole_c} Target primary : Earth Vis. interferer : MOON (R_eq= 1737.400) km {source: DE441} Rel. light bend : Sun {source: DE441} Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2 Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS) RA format : HMS Time format : CAL Calendar mode : Mixed Julian/Gregorian RTS-only print : NO EOP file : eop.260812.p261108 EOP coverage : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2026-AUG-12. PREDICTS-> 2026-NOV-07 Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s Table cut-offs 1: Elevation ( 0.0deg=YES),Airmass (>38.000=NO), Daylight (YES) Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation ( 12.0,180.0=YES),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO ) Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate ( 0.0=NO ) *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Date__(UT)__HR:MN R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC Azi____(a-app)___Elev APmag S-brt r rdot delta deldot S-O-T /r S-T-O T-O-M/MN_Illu% RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** $$SOE >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-04 04:30 A 09 42 33.51 +11 26 48.1 75.901388 1.081128 n.a. n.a. 0.999864250641 -0.3920146 0.00904523744092 -0.4385977 17.6300 /L 162.2129 150.8/ 84.7238 n.a. n.a. 4.3794478 102.50023 -42.49143 2025-Sep-04 04:40 A 09 42 36.37 +11 26 38.7 77.521361 2.915104 n.a. n.a. 0.999862678274 -0.3920600 0.00904347441578 -0.4404708 17.6247 /L 162.2183 150.9/ 84.7839 n.a. n.a. 4.2441415 102.86470 -43.51551 2025-Sep-04 04:50 N 09 42 39.14 +11 26 29.3 79.131120 4.760875 n.a. n.a. 0.999861105725 -0.3921055 0.00904170517694 -0.4416958 17.6198 /L 162.2233 151.0/ 84.8447 n.a. n.a. 4.1085926 103.27159 -44.52981 2025-Sep-04 05:00 N 09 42 41.82 +11 26 19.9 80.733899 6.616927 n.a. n.a. 0.999859532994 -0.3921509 0.00903993232965 -0.4422699 17.6153 /L 162.2279 151.1/ 84.9060 n.a. n.a. 3.9731067 103.72449 -45.53313 2025-Sep-04 05:10 N 09 42 44.40 +11 26 10.6 82.332989 8.481772 n.a. n.a. 0.999857960080 -0.3921963 0.00903815848751 -0.4421917 17.6111 /L 162.2321 151.2/ 84.9678 n.a. n.a. 3.8379963 104.22733 -46.52407 2025-Sep-04 05:20 C 09 42 46.88 +11 26 01.2 83.931744 10.353946 n.a. n.a. 0.999856386985 -0.3922417 0.00903638626747 -0.4414610 17.6073 /L 162.2359 151.3/ 85.0302 n.a. n.a. 3.7035812 104.78442 -47.50106 2025-Sep-04 05:30 C 09 42 49.27 +11 25 51.8 85.533610 12.231989 n.a. n.a. 0.999854813707 -0.3922871 0.00903461828495 -0.4400789 17.6039 /L 162.2394 151.4/ 85.0931 n.a. n.a. 3.5701884 105.40042 -48.46233 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-05 04:30 A 09 48 48.75 +10 48 41.8 76.001576 0.234915 n.a. n.a. 0.999635972569 -0.3984591 0.00898993443682 -0.4342299 16.9569 /L 162.8927 162.0/ 91.4864 n.a. n.a. 4.4944396 103.14336 -41.64249 2025-Sep-05 04:40 A 09 48 51.68 +10 48 31.7 77.628005 2.069339 n.a. n.a. 0.999634374358 -0.3985032 0.00898818862715 -0.4362527 16.9513 /L 162.8984 162.1/ 91.5317 n.a. n.a. 4.3588372 103.51935 -42.65366 2025-Sep-05 04:50 N 09 48 54.51 +10 48 21.6 79.243585 3.915507 n.a. n.a. 0.999632775970 -0.3985472 0.00898643600415 -0.4376269 16.9461 /L 162.9037 162.2/ 91.5775 n.a. n.a. 4.2229469 103.93689 -43.65445 2025-Sep-05 05:00 N 09 48 57.24 +10 48 11.5 80.851572 5.771888 n.a. n.a. 0.999631177405 -0.3985912 0.00898467917555 -0.4383495 16.9412 /L 162.9086 162.3/ 91.6237 n.a. n.a. 4.0870755 104.39935 -44.64363 2025-Sep-05 05:10 N 09 48 59.88 +10 48 01.3 82.455268 7.636983 n.a. n.a. 0.999629578663 -0.3986353 0.00898292075859 -0.4384188 16.9367 /L 162.9132 162.4/ 91.6704 n.a. n.a. 3.9515369 104.91043 -45.61977 2025-Sep-05 05:20 C 09 49 02.43 +10 47 51.2 84.058034 9.509314 n.a. n.a. 0.999627979745 -0.3986793 0.00898116337507 -0.4378342 16.9327 /L 162.9173 162.4/ 91.7174 n.a. n.a. 3.8166521 105.47415 -46.58127 2025-Sep-05 05:30 C 09 49 04.88 +10 47 41.1 85.663309 11.387415 n.a. n.a. 0.999626380651 -0.3987233 0.00897940964632 -0.4365965 16.9289 /L 162.9211 162.5/ 91.7649 n.a. n.a. 3.6827488 106.09486 -47.52634 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-06 04:40 A 09 55 12.73 +10 09 23.5 77.729268 1.193558 n.a. n.a. 0.999402407280 -0.4047447 0.00893568923226 -0.4314747 16.2484 /L 163.6081 172.9/ 96.5761 n.a. n.a. 4.4783382 104.15482 -41.73573 2025-Sep-06 04:50 N 09 55 15.62 +10 09 12.6 79.350743 3.040068 n.a. n.a. 0.999400783861 -0.4047873 0.00893395545646 -0.4330052 16.2429 /L 163.6137 173.0/ 96.6049 n.a. n.a. 4.3421779 104.58167 -42.72247 2025-Sep-06 05:00 N 09 55 18.42 +10 09 01.7 80.963970 4.896728 n.a. n.a. 0.999399160272 -0.4048299 0.00893221684939 -0.4338835 16.2377 /L 163.6190 173.0/ 96.6340 n.a. n.a. 4.2059870 105.05226 -43.69697 2025-Sep-06 05:10 N 09 55 21.12 +10 08 50.8 82.572263 6.762027 n.a. n.a. 0.999397536511 -0.4048726 0.00893047603138 -0.4341075 16.2329 /L 163.6239 173.1/ 96.6633 n.a. n.a. 4.0700805 105.57006 -44.65778 2025-Sep-06 05:20 C 09 55 23.73 +10 08 40.0 84.178990 8.634475 n.a. n.a. 0.999395912580 -0.4049152 0.00892873562849 -0.4336764 16.2285 /L 163.6283 173.2/ 96.6928 n.a. n.a. 3.9347797 106.13880 -45.60329 2025-Sep-06 05:30 C 09 55 26.24 +10 08 29.1 85.787590 10.512595 n.a. n.a. 0.999394288478 -0.4049577 0.00892699826758 -0.4325907 16.2245 /L 163.6324 173.3/ 96.7226 n.a. n.a. 3.8004129 106.76250 -46.53166 2025-Sep-06 05:40 C 09 55 28.66 +10 08 18.1 87.401593 12.394912 n.a. n.a. 0.999392664205 -0.4050003 0.00892526657132 -0.4308520 16.2208 /L 163.6362 173.3/ 96.7525 n.a. n.a. 3.6673152 107.44549 -47.44082 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-07 04:40 Am 10 01 39.76 +09 29 13.1 77.824635 0.286843 n.a. n.a. 0.999166894331 -0.4107819 0.00888623078862 -0.4262129 15.5155 /L 164.3481 172.0/ 99.4627 n.a. n.a. 4.6029665 104.77213 -40.76541 2025-Sep-07 04:50 Nm 10 01 42.72 +09 29 01.4 79.452088 2.133638 n.a. n.a. 0.999165246701 -0.4108231 0.00888451778539 -0.4279072 15.5096 /L 164.3541 172.0/ 99.4737 n.a. n.a. 4.4666145 105.20702 -41.73750 2025-Sep-07 05:00 Nm 10 01 45.59 +09 28 49.8 81.070594 3.990524 n.a. n.a. 0.999163598907 -0.4108643 0.00888279929506 -0.4289487 15.5041 /L 164.3597 171.9/ 99.4848 n.a. n.a. 4.3301770 105.68438 -42.69672 2025-Sep-07 05:10 Nm 10 01 48.36 +09 28 38.1 82.683482 5.855978 n.a. n.a. 0.999161950947 -0.4109055 0.00888107794043 -0.4293352 15.4989 /L 164.3649 171.8/ 99.4958 n.a. n.a. 4.1939692 106.20744 -43.64161 2025-Sep-07 05:20 C 10 01 51.03 +09 28 26.5 84.294127 7.728499 n.a. n.a. 0.999160302822 -0.4109466 0.00887935635127 -0.4290656 15.4942 /L 164.3697 171.8/ 99.5069 n.a. n.a. 4.0583127 106.77967 -44.57054 2025-Sep-07 05:30 C 10 01 53.61 +09 28 14.8 85.905967 9.606599 n.a. n.a. 0.999158654532 -0.4109878 0.00887763715943 -0.4281399 15.4898 /L 164.3741 171.7/ 99.5180 n.a. n.a. 3.9235357 107.40477 -45.48164 2025-Sep-07 05:40 C 10 01 56.09 +09 28 03.1 87.522521 11.488796 n.a. n.a. 0.999157006077 -0.4110290 0.00887592299376 -0.4265595 15.4858 /L 164.3782 171.6/ 99.5292 n.a. n.a. 3.7899726 108.08670 -46.37285 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-08 04:50 Nm 10 08 16.06 +08 47 47.0 79.547123 1.195207 n.a. n.a. 0.998926283019 -0.4166529 0.00883832031240 -0.4224347 14.7455 /L 165.1254 160.3/ 99.8084 n.a. n.a. 4.5963326 105.81341 -40.70719 2025-Sep-08 05:00 Nm 10 08 19.00 +08 47 34.5 81.170957 3.052265 n.a. n.a. 0.998924611845 -0.4166927 0.00883662342451 -0.4236475 14.7396 /L 165.1313 160.2/ 99.8021 n.a. n.a. 4.4597260 106.29626 -41.65056 2025-Sep-08 05:10 Nm 10 08 21.84 +08 47 22.0 82.788445 4.917825 n.a. n.a. 0.998922940512 -0.4167324 0.00883492298662 -0.4242046 14.7341 /L 165.1369 160.1/ 99.7957 n.a. n.a. 4.3232883 106.82324 -42.57898 2025-Sep-08 05:20 Nm 10 08 24.58 +08 47 09.6 84.402970 6.790373 n.a. n.a. 0.998921269019 -0.4167722 0.00883322163158 -0.4241047 14.7290 /L 165.1421 160.0/ 99.7890 n.a. n.a. 4.1873410 107.39754 -43.49078 2025-Sep-08 05:30 Cm 10 08 27.23 +08 46 57.1 86.017971 8.668414 n.a. n.a. 0.998919597367 -0.4168119 0.00883152199560 -0.4233474 14.7243 /L 165.1468 160.0/ 99.7822 n.a. n.a. 4.0522115 108.02256 -44.38409 2025-Sep-08 05:40 Cm 10 08 29.78 +08 46 44.6 87.636958 10.550456 n.a. n.a. 0.998917925556 -0.4168516 0.00882982671323 -0.4219339 14.7200 /L 165.1512 159.9/ 99.7751 n.a. n.a. 3.9182334 108.70192 -45.25684 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-09 04:50 Nr 10 14 55.89 +08 05 28.0 79.635411 0.223795 n.a. n.a. 0.998684012113 -0.4222761 0.00879549065031 -0.4167061 13.9501 /L 165.9281 147.7/ 97.3951 n.a. n.a. 4.7310220 106.40047 -39.64325 2025-Sep-09 05:00 Nm 10 14 58.90 +08 05 14.7 81.264635 2.080970 n.a. n.a. 0.998682318389 -0.4223145 0.00879381637537 -0.4180984 13.9439 /L 165.9345 147.6/ 97.3736 n.a. n.a. 4.5943266 106.88764 -40.57035 2025-Sep-09 05:10 Nm 10 15 01.81 +08 05 01.4 82.886738 3.946586 n.a. n.a. 0.998680624511 -0.4223528 0.00879213783131 -0.4188346 13.9380 /L 165.9404 147.6/ 97.3518 n.a. n.a. 4.4577331 107.41730 -41.48188 2025-Sep-09 05:20 Nm 10 15 04.63 +08 04 48.1 84.505115 5.819118 n.a. n.a. 0.998678930479 -0.4223911 0.00879045765335 -0.4189130 13.9326 /L 165.9459 147.5/ 97.3297 n.a. n.a. 4.3215624 107.99240 -42.37618 2025-Sep-09 05:30 Cm 10 15 07.35 +08 04 34.8 86.123205 7.697061 n.a. n.a. 0.998677236294 -0.4224294 0.00878877848142 -0.4183329 13.9275 /L 165.9510 147.4/ 97.3071 n.a. n.a. 4.1861408 108.61604 -43.25136 2025-Sep-09 05:40 Cm 10 15 09.97 +08 04 21.4 87.744511 9.578913 n.a. n.a. 0.998675541955 -0.4224677 0.00878710295515 -0.4170952 13.9228 /L 165.9558 147.3/ 97.2842 n.a. n.a. 4.0518003 109.29151 -44.10535 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-10 05:00 Nm 10 21 45.49 +07 21 49.5 81.351235 1.075878 n.a. n.a. 0.998436837639 -0.4277295 0.00875442982397 -0.4124208 13.1167 /L 166.7691 134.8/ 92.2169 n.a. n.a. 4.7332054 107.45703 -39.47114 2025-Sep-10 05:10 Nm 10 21 48.47 +07 21 35.4 82.977979 2.941501 n.a. n.a. 0.998435122046 -0.4277664 0.00875277367227 -0.4133446 13.1105 /L 166.7754 134.7/ 92.1830 n.a. n.a. 4.5965308 107.98828 -40.36566 2025-Sep-10 05:20 Nm 10 21 51.36 +07 21 21.2 84.600188 4.813974 n.a. n.a. 0.998433406304 -0.4278033 0.00875111513538 -0.4136099 13.1047 /L 166.7813 134.7/ 92.1486 n.a. n.a. 4.4602045 108.56307 -41.24236 2025-Sep-10 05:30 Cm 10 21 54.16 +07 21 07.0 86.221303 6.691782 n.a. n.a. 0.998431690415 -0.4278402 0.00874945685622 -0.4132160 13.0993 /L 166.7868 134.6/ 92.1137 n.a. n.a. 4.3245516 109.18422 -42.09937 2025-Sep-10 05:40 Cm 10 21 56.86 +07 20 52.9 87.844822 8.573415 n.a. n.a. 0.998429974378 -0.4278770 0.00874780147883 -0.4121631 13.0942 /L 166.7919 134.5/ 92.0784 n.a. n.a. 4.1899021 109.85472 -42.93460 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< 2025-Sep-11 05:00 Nr 10 28 38.88 +06 37 18.7 81.430529 0.036590 n.a. n.a. 0.998188289093 -0.4329380 0.00871844456646 -0.4067171 12.2588 /L 167.6348 121.9/ 84.6043 n.a. n.a. 4.8751318 108.00214 -38.36930 2025-Sep-11 05:10 Nm 10 28 41.95 +06 37 03.7 83.061954 1.902175 n.a. n.a. 0.998186552612 -0.4329735 0.00871681089498 -0.4078368 12.2522 /L 167.6415 121.9/ 84.5617 n.a. n.a. 4.7384501 108.53404 -39.24704 2025-Sep-11 05:20 Nm 10 28 44.91 +06 36 48.7 84.687984 3.774551 n.a. n.a. 0.998184815989 -0.4330089 0.00871517405298 -0.4082978 12.2461 /L 167.6477 121.8/ 84.5187 n.a. n.a. 4.6020356 109.10760 -40.10644 2025-Sep-11 05:30 Cm 10 28 47.78 +06 36 33.6 86.312070 5.652190 n.a. n.a. 0.998183079225 -0.4330443 0.00871353668556 -0.4080987 12.2403 /L 167.6536 121.8/ 84.4752 n.a. n.a. 4.4662114 109.72537 -40.94563 2025-Sep-11 05:40 Cm 10 28 50.56 +06 36 18.6 87.937704 7.533578 n.a. n.a. 0.998181342318 -0.4330797 0.00871190144048 -0.4072395 12.2349 /L 167.6591 121.7/ 84.4314 n.a. n.a. 4.3313057 110.39006 -41.76252 >..... Daylight Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Solar Elongation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< >..... Elevation Cut-off Requested .....< $$EOE *************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** Column meaning: TIME Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1 using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years. Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st. Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future intervals. Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT" may be defined for that location. Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank (" ") denotes an A.D. date. CALENDAR SYSTEM Mixed calendar mode was active such that calendar dates after AD 1582-Oct-15 (if any) are in the modern Gregorian system. Dates prior to 1582-Oct-5 (if any) are in the Julian calendar system, which is automatically extended for dates prior to its adoption on 45-Jan-1 BC. The Julian calendar is useful for matching historical dates. The Gregorian calendar more accurately corresponds to the Earth's orbital motion and seasons. A "Gregorian-only" calendar mode is available if such physical events are the primary interest. NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time. SOLAR PRESENCE (OBSERVING SITE) Time tag is followed by a blank, then a solar-presence condition code: '*' Daylight (refracted solar upper-limb on or above apparent horizon) 'C' Civil twilight/dawn 'N' Nautical twilight/dawn 'A' Astronomical twilight/dawn ' ' Night OR geocentric ephemeris LUNAR PRESENCE WITH TARGET RISE/TRANSIT/SET EVENT MARKER (OBSERVING SITE) The solar-presence code column is immediately followed by another marker: 'm' Refracted upper-limb of Moon on or above apparent horizon ' ' Refracted upper-limb of Moon below apparent horizon OR geocentric The lunar presence marker (an ongoing state) can be over-ridden by a target event marker if an event has occurred since the last output step: 'r' Rise (target body on or went above cut-off RTS elevation) 'e' Elevation max (target body maximum elevation angle has occurred) 't' Transit (target body at or passed through observer meridian) 's' Set (target body on or went below cut-off RTS elevation) RTS MARKERS (TVH) Rise and set are with respect to the reference ellipsoid true visual horizon defined by the elevation cut-off angle. Horizon dip and yellow-light refraction (Earth only) are considered. Accuracy is < or = to twice the requested search step-size. 'R.A._____(ICRF)_____DEC' = Astrometric right ascension and declination of the target center with respect to the observing site (coordinate origin) in the reference frame of the planetary ephemeris (ICRF). Compensated for down-leg light-time delay aberration. Units: RA in hours-minutes-seconds of time, HH MM SS.ff{ffff} DEC in degrees-minutes-seconds of arc, sDD MN SC.f{ffff} 'Azi____(a-app)___Elev' = Airless apparent azimuth and elevation of target center. Compensated for light-time, the gravitational deflection of light, stellar aberration, precession and nutation. Azimuth is measured clockwise from north: North(0) -> East(90) -> South(180) -> West(270) -> North (360) Elevation angle is with respect to a plane perpendicular to the reference surface local zenith direction. TOPOCENTRIC ONLY. Units: DEGREES 'APmag S-brt' = The targets' approximate apparent visual magnitude and surface brightness. For planets and natural satellites, output is restricted to solar phase angles covered by observational data. Outside the observed phase angle range, "n.a." may be output to avoid extrapolation beyond the limit of model validity. For Earth-based observers, the estimated dimming due to atmospheric absorption (extinction) is available as a separate, requestable quantity. Surface brightness is the average airless visual magnitude of a square-arcsecond of the illuminated portion of the apparent disk. It is computed only if the target radius is known. Units: MAGNITUDES & MAGNITUDES PER SQUARE ARCSECOND 'r rdot' = The Sun's apparent range ("r", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("rdot") relative to the target center, as seen by the observer. A positive "rdot" means the target center was moving away from the Sun, negative means moving toward the Sun. Units: AU and KM/S 'delta deldot' = Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot") of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement toward the observer. Units: AU and KM/S 'S-O-T /r' = Sun-Observer-Target apparent SOLAR ELONGATION ANGLE seen from the observers' location at print-time. The '/r' column provides a code indicating the targets' apparent position relative to the Sun in the observers' sky, as described below: Case A: For an observing location on the surface of a rotating body, that body rotational sense is considered: /T indicates target TRAILS Sun (evening sky: rises and sets AFTER Sun) /L indicates target LEADS Sun (morning sky: rises and sets BEFORE Sun) Case B: For an observing point that does not have a rotational model (such as a spacecraft), the "leading" and "trailing" condition is defined by the observers' heliocentric ORBITAL motion: * If continuing in the observers' current direction of heliocentric motion would encounter the targets' apparent longitude first, followed by the Sun's, the target LEADS the Sun as seen by the observer. * If the Sun's apparent longitude would be encountered first, followed by the targets', the target TRAILS the Sun. Two other codes can be output: /* indicates observer is Sun-centered (undefined) /? Target is aligned with Sun center (no lead or trail) The S-O-T solar elongation angle is numerically the minimum separation angle of the Sun and target in the sky in any direction. It does NOT indicate the amount of separation in the leading or trailing directions, which would be defined along the equator of a spherical coordinate system. Units: DEGREES 'S-T-O' = The Sun-Target-Observer angle; the interior vertex angle at target center formed by a vector from the target to the apparent center of the Sun (at reflection time on the target) and the apparent vector from target to the observer at print-time. Slightly different from true PHASE ANGLE (requestable separately) at the few arcsecond level in that it includes stellar aberration on the down-leg from target to observer. Units: DEGREES 'T-O-M/MN_Illu%' = Target-Observer-Moon LUNAR ELONGATION angle and illuminated percentage. The apparent lunar elongation angle between target body center and Moon center, seen from the observing site, along with fraction of the lunar disk illuminated by the Sun. A negative lunar elongation angle indicates the target center is behind the Moon. Units: DEGREES & PERCENT 'RA_3sigma DEC_3sigma' = Uncertainty in Right-Ascension and Declination. Output values are the formal +/- 3 standard-deviations (sigmas) around nominal position. Units: ARCSECONDS 'Sky_motion Sky_mot_PA RelVel-ANG' = Total apparent angular rate of the target in the plane-of-sky. "Sky_mot_PA" is the position angle of the target's direction of motion in the plane-of-sky, measured counter-clockwise from the apparent of-date north pole direction. "RelVel-ANG" is the flight path angle of the target's relative motion with respect to the observer's line-of-sight, in the range [-90,+90], where positive values indicate motion away from the observer, negative values are toward the observer: -90 = target is moving directly toward the observer 0 = target is moving at right angles to the observer's line-of-sight +90 = target is moving directly away from the observer UNITS: ARCSECONDS/MINUTE, DEGREES, DEGREES Computations by ... Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA 91109 USA General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html User Guide : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html Connect : browser https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x API https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html command-line telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775 e-mail/batch https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/horizons_batch.txt scripts https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS Inquiries : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************